ReviewInternational journal of clinical practice2010
How pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles pave the way for optimal basal insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes.
Review in International journal of clinical practice, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Distinct Prandial and Basal Pharmacodynamics of IDegAsp Observed in Younger Adults Are Preserved in Elderly Subjects with Type 1 Diabetes.Drugs & aging · 2015Trial
- Low within- and between-day variability in exposure to new insulin glargine 300 U/ml.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2015Trial
- The orexin system as a pharmacological target in inflammation: peripheral mechanisms and safety implications.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Accidental insulin-induced hypoglycemia in nondiabetic dogs.Veterinary research communications · 2025Article
- Insulin icodec: A novel once-weekly formulation for the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2025Review
- Effects of piperine on intestinal permeation, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of insulin loaded chitosan coated solid lipid nanoparticles in rats.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Biomolecular Basis of Life.Metabolites · 2025Review
- The effects of initiating a 24-hour fast with a low versus a high carbohydrate shake on glycemic control in older adults: a randomized crossover study.Nutrition & metabolism · 2025Article
- The Basis for Weekly Insulin Therapy: Evolving Evidence With Insulin Icodec and Insulin Efsitora Alfa.Endocrine reviews · 2024Review
- Efficacy of oral insulin nanoparticles for the management of hyperglycemia in a rat model of diabetes induced with streptozotocin.Journal of medicine and life · 2024Article
- A review of existing strategies for designing long-acting parenteral formulations: Focus on underlying mechanisms, and future perspectives.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2021Review
- Transitioning to Fixed-Ratio Combination Therapy: Five Frequently Asked Questions Health Care Providers Should Anticipate From Their Patients.Clinical diabetes : a publication of the American Diabetes Association · 2019Article
- Differentiating Basal Insulin Preparations: Understanding How They Work Explains Why They Are Different.Advances in therapy · 2019Review
- Optimizing Fixed-Ratio Combination Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes.Advances in therapy · 2019Review
- A Review of Insulin Degludec/Insulin Aspart: Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties and Their Implications in Clinical Use.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2017Review
- Concepts and clinical use of ultra-long basal insulin.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2016Review
- Towards a Physiological Prandial Insulin Profile: Enhancement of Subcutaneously Injected Prandial Insulin Using Local Warming Devices.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2015Article
- Clinical experience of switching from glargine or neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin to insulin detemir in type 2 diabetes: Observations from the Indian cohort in the A1chieve study.Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism · 2014Article
- A review of the pharmacological properties of insulin degludec and their clinical relevance.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2014Review
- Identifying and meeting the challenges of insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2014Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This pedagogical review illustrates the differences between pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) measures, using insulin therapy as the primary example. The main conclusion is that PD parameters are of greater clinical significance for insulin therapy than PK parameters. The glucose-clamp technique, the optimal method for determining insulin PD, is explained so that the reader can understand the important studies in the literature. Key glucose-clamp studies that compare two basal insulin analogues - insulin glargine and insulin detemir - to Neutral Protamine Hagedorn insulin and to each other are then presented. The review further explains how PD parameters have been translated into useful clinical concepts and simple titration algorithms for everyday clinical practice. Finally, the necessity of overcoming patient and/or physician barriers to insulin therapy and providing continuing education and training is emphasised.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.