ReviewClinical microbiology reviews2010
The changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections.
Review in Clinical microbiology reviews, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 353 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
353 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 808 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global prevalence of Clostridioides difficile in 17,148 food samples from 2009 to 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2023Pooled it
- Fecal Microbiota Transplantation and Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Pooled it
- Burden of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) - a systematic review of the epidemiology of primary and recurrent CDI.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Reducing Clostridium difficile in the Inpatient Setting: A Systematic Review of the Adherence to and Effectiveness of C. difficile Prevention Bundles.Infection control and hospital epidemiology · 2017Pooled it
- Article
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- Epidemiology ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Pooled analyses of Clostridioides difficile vaccine trials identify baseline predictors for vaccine response.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Clostridioides difficile pathogenesis and control.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Probiotics Ameliorate Histological Alterations and Prevent Increases in Cytokine and Toxin Levels in Mice Infected with Various Clostridioides difficile Strains.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- Comparative genomic analysis of Clostridioides difficile strains in Mexico: insights into virulence and resistance.Access microbiology · 2026Article
- A Colombian strain ofVirulence · 2025Article
- Whole genome sequence analysis reveals limited diversity among Clostridioides difficile ribotype 027 and 078 isolates collected in 22 hospitals in Berlin and Brandenburg, Germany.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2025Article
- Community-AcquiredInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- The Global Burden ofInfectious disease reports · 2025Review
- Review
- Attributable Costs ofJournal of Korean medical science · 2025Article
- Patient-reported benefits of colonoscopicallyadministered microbiota restoration therapy: a qualitative study of adult patients with recurrentTherapeutic advances in gastroenterology · 2025Article
293 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has changed dramatically during this millennium. Infection rates have increased markedly in most countries with detailed surveillance data. There have been clear changes in the clinical presentation, response to treatment, and outcome of CDI. These changes have been driven to a major degree by the emergence and epidemic spread of a novel strain, known as PCR ribotype 027 (sometimes referred to as BI/NAP1/027). We review the evidence for the changing epidemiology, clinical virulence and outcome of treatment of CDI, and the similarities and differences between data from various countries and continents. Community-acquired CDI has also emerged, although the evidence for this as a distinct new entity is less clear. There are new data on the etiology of and potential risk factors for CDI; controversial issues include specific antimicrobial agents, gastric acid suppressants, potential animal and food sources of C. difficile, and the effect of the use of alcohol-based hand hygiene agents.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.