ArticlePloS one2010
The re-emergence of H1N1 influenza virus in 1977: a cautionary tale for estimating divergence times using biologically unrealistic sampling dates.
Article in PloS one, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Resurgence of large-scale influenza A (H1N1) outbreaks: Modeling the interplay of transmission, loss of immunity, and vaccination.Infectious Disease Modelling · 2027Article
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- Emergence of D1.1 reassortant H5N1 avian influenza viruses in North America.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- CircRNA expression profiling in H1N1-infected primary human tracheobronchial epithelial cells identifies candidate immune-related circRNAs validated in A549 cells.Archives of virology · 2026Article
- The paradox of rapid and synchronized propagation of seasonal influenza 'A' outbreaks in contrast with COVID-19: a testable hypothesis.Virus research · 2025Article
- The Growing Phenomenon of 'Frozen' Virus Genome Sequences and Their Likely Origin in Research Facility Escapes.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Comparative evolution of influenza A virus H1 and H3 head and stalk domains across host species.mBio · 2024Article
- Advances and insights in the diagnosis of viral infections.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2021Review
- The genetic structure of SARS-CoV-2 does not rule out a laboratory origin: SARS-COV-2 chimeric structure and furin cleavage site might be the result of genetic manipulation.BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2021Article
- Potential for elimination of SAR-CoV-2 through vaccination as inspired by elimination of multiple influenza viruses through natural pandemics or mass vaccination.Journal of medical virology · 2020Review
- Host Receptors of Influenza Viruses and Coronaviruses-Molecular Mechanisms of Recognition.Vaccines · 2020Review
- "Frozen evolution" of an RNA virus suggests accidental release as a potential cause of arbovirus re-emergence.PLoS biology · 2020Article
- Re-evaluation of the evolution of influenza H1 viruses using direct PCA.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Using Statistical Phylogenetics for Investigation of Enterovirus 71 Genotype A Reintroduction into Circulation.Viruses · 2019Article
- Review
- Article
- Influenza C in Lancaster, UK, in the winter of 2014-2015.Scientific reports · 2017Observational
- Discovering General Multidimensional Associations.PloS one · 2016Article
- Article
- Global Spatio-temporal Patterns of Influenza in the Post-pandemic Era.Scientific reports · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
In 1977, H1N1 influenza A virus reappeared after a 20-year absence. Genetic analysis indicated that this strain was missing decades of nucleotide sequence evolution, suggesting an accidental release of a frozen laboratory strain into the general population. Recently, this strain and its descendants were included in an analysis attempting to date the origin of pandemic influenza virus without accounting for the missing decades of evolution. Here, we investigated the effect of using viral isolates with biologically unrealistic sampling dates on estimates of divergence dates. Not accounting for missing sequence evolution produced biased results and increased the variance of date estimates of the most recent common ancestor of the re-emergent lineages and across the entire phylogeny. Reanalysis of the H1N1 sequences excluding isolates with unrealistic sampling dates indicates that the 1977 re-emergent lineage was circulating for approximately one year before detection, making it difficult to determine the geographic source of reintroduction. We suggest that a new method is needed to account for viral isolates with unrealistic sampling dates.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.