ArticlePlant physiology2010
Functional analysis of the Arabidopsis PAL gene family in plant growth, development, and response to environmental stress.
Article in Plant physiology, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 419 papers.
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419 citing papers in PubMed, 955 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Plant-Specific PB1 Domain Complex Mediates Poplar Defence and Is Targeted by Rust Fungus Secreted Protein MlpSD1.Molecular plant pathology · 2026Article
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- Subversion of the salicylic acid signaling pathway by the bipartite begomoviral protein BV1 promotes virus infection and vector preference to virus-infected plants.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- From Defense Executor to Engineering Target: Harnessing Lignin for Crop Resistance.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
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- Transcriptome-metabolome integration reveals MYB/WRKY-RGA network and phenylalanine metabolism in potato late blight resistance.BMC plant biology · 2026Article
- Metabolic and physiological responses of adzuki bean sprouts to led light qualities: yield-quality trade-offs and targeted spectral optimization.Food chemistry: X · 2026Article
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- Salicylic acid reduces MdPUB24-mediated ubiquitination of MdWRKY40 to suppress ethylene biosynthesis in apple fruit.Horticulture research · 2026Article
- Transcriptional Modulation in Grapevine by a Biostimulant Treatment for Improved Plant Resilience to Stress Events.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Mechanistic insights and breeding prospects of secondary metabolites in wheat salt stress tolerance.Planta · 2026Review
- Grapevine LysM-containing receptor-like kinaseFrontiers in plant science · 2026Article
- Metabolic engineering strategies for optimized lignan production in plants.Frontiers in plant science · 2026Review
359 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) catalyzes the first step of the phenylpropanoid pathway, which produces precursors to a variety of important secondary metabolites. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contains four PAL genes (PAL1-PAL4), but there has been no genetic analysis to assess the biological functions of the entire gene family. Here, we report the generation and analysis of combined mutations for the four Arabidopsis PAL genes. Contrary to a previous report, we found that three independent pal1 pal2 double mutants were fertile and generated yellow seeds due to the lack of condensed tannin pigments in the seed coat. The pal1 pal2 double mutants were also deficient in anthocyanin pigments in various plant tissues, which accumulate in wild-type plants under stress conditions. Thus, PAL1 and PAL2 have a redundant role in flavonoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, the pal1 pal2 double mutants were more sensitive to ultraviolet-B light but more tolerant to drought than wild-type plants. We have also generated two independent pal1 pal2 pal3 pal4 quadruple knockout mutants, which are stunted and sterile. The quadruple knockout mutants still contained about 10% of the wild-type PAL activity, which might result from one or more leaky pal mutant genes or from other unknown PAL genes. The quadruple mutants also accumulated substantially reduced levels of salicylic acid and displayed increased susceptibility to a virulent strain of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. These results provide further evidence for both distinct and overlapping roles of the Arabidopsis PAL genes in plant growth, development, and responses to environmental stresses.
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