ReviewImmunotherapy2009
Toll-like receptor agonists in cancer therapy.
Review in Immunotherapy, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 147 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
147 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 303 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety and efficacy of toll-like receptor agonists as therapeutic agents and vaccine adjuvants for infectious diseases in animals: a systematic review.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Pooled it
- Topical TLR7 agonist and radiotherapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Trial
- Resiquimod as an immunologic adjuvant for NY-ESO-1 protein vaccination in patients with high-risk melanoma.Cancer immunology research · 2015Trial
- Topical TLR7 agonist imiquimod can induce immune-mediated rejection of skin metastases in patients with breast cancer.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2012Trial
- Leveraging the bacteria for enhanced cancer immunotherapy: from a perspective of synthetic biology.Cancer biology & therapy · 2026Review
- Combinatorial in situ cancer vaccines: unlocking broad and enhanced antitumor responses.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- EngineeredMolecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Article
- Bioprinting collagenase-responsive hydrogel for controlled release of cowpea mosaic virus immunotherapy.Biofabrication · 2026Article
- Interplay between pathogen-mediated immune evasion and innate immune negative regulation in gastrointestinal tumors.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Oncogene Mutations: The Shared Antigen Vaccines That Work?Annual review of medicine · 2026Review
- Reprogramming tumor microenvironment via systemic delivery of TLR3 agonist and manganese nanoparticle.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Activation of toll‑like receptors by non‑coding RNAs and their fragments (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2025Review
- Macroporous hydrogel-based mRNA cancer vaccine for in situ recruitment and modulation of dendritic cells.Acta biomaterialia · 2025Article
- Engineering noncovalent π-stacked organic framework for intrinsic near-infrared photoactivated drug delivery.Science advances · 2025Article
- Tumour and microenvironment crosstalk in NSCLC progression and response to therapy.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2025Review
- A cowpea mosaic virus adjuvant conjugated to liposomes loaded with tumor cell lysates as an ovarian cancer vaccine.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Targeted Delivery of TLR7 Agonists to the Tumor Microenvironment Enhances Tumor Immunity via Activation of Tumor-Resident Myeloid Cells.Bioconjugate chemistry · 2025Article
- An anoikis-related signature predicts prognosis and immunotherapy response in gastrointestinal cancers.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Toll-like receptor 3 activation enhances antitumor immune response in lung adenocarcinoma through NF-κB signaling pathway.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Immunomodulatory nanoparticles activate cytotoxic T cells for enhancement of the effect of cancer immunotherapy.Nanoscale · 2024Review
87 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern-recognition receptors related to the Drosophila Toll protein. TLR activation alerts the immune system to microbial products and initiates innate and adaptive immune responses. The naturally powerful immunostimulatory property of TLR agonists can be exploited for active immunotherapy against cancer. Antitumor activity has been demonstrated in several cancers, and TLR agonists are now undergoing extensive clinical investigation. This review discusses recent advances in the field and highlights potential opportunities for the clinical development of TLR agonists as single agent immunomodulators, vaccine adjuvants and in combination with conventional cancer therapies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.