Electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions involved in CNT biofunctionalization with short ss-DNA.

This work is aimed at studying the adsorption mechanism of short chain 20-mer pyrimidinic homo-ss-DNA (oligodeoxyribonucleotide, ODN: polyC(20) and polyT(20)) onto CNT by reflectometry. To analyze the experimental data, the effective-medium theory using the Bruggemann approximation represents a suitable optical model to account for the surface properties (roughness, thickness and optical constants) and the size of the adsorbate. Systematic information about the involved interactions is obtained by changing the physico-chemical properties of the system. Hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions are evaluated by comparing the adsorption on hydrophobic CNT and on hydrophilic silica and by modulating the ionic strength with and without Mg(2+). The ODN adsorption process on CNT is driven by hydrophobic interactions only when the electrostatic repulsion is suppressed. The adsorption mode results in ODN molecules in a side-on orientation with the bases (non-polar region) towards the surface. This unfavorable orientation is partially reverse by adding Mg(2+). On the other hand, the adsorption on silica is dominated by the strong repulsive electrostatic interaction that is screened at high ionic strength or mediated by Mg(2+). The cation-mediated process induces the interaction of the phosphate backbone (polar region) with the surface, leaving the bases free for hybridization. Although the general adsorption behavior of the pyrimidine bases is the same, polyC(20) presents higher affinity for the CNT surface due to its acid-base properties.