ArticlePLoS pathogens2010
Self-protection against gliotoxin--a component of the gliotoxin biosynthetic cluster, GliT, completely protects Aspergillus fumigatus against exogenous gliotoxin.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers.
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Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 186 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 editing of gliotoxin biosynthesis genes in Aspergillus fumigatus reduces pathogenicity in broilers.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2026Article
- Article
- Gliotoxin Production and Self-Defense in Filamentous Fungi.Annual review of microbiology · 2025Review
- Progress in Gliotoxin Research.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Regulation and induction of fungal secondary metabolites: a comprehensive review.Archives of microbiology · 2025Review
- Article
- Convergent evolution in toxin detection and resistance provides evidence for conserved bacterial-fungal interactions.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- The evolution of the gliotoxin biosynthetic gene cluster in Penicillium fungi.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Article
- Article
- Aspergillus fumigatus mitogen-activated protein kinase MpkA is involved in gliotoxin production and self-protection.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Article
- Gliotoxin-mediated bacterial growth inhibition is caused by specific metal ion depletion.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Gliotoxin and related metabolites as zinc chelators: implications and exploitation to overcome antimicrobial resistance.Essays in biochemistry · 2023Article
- Epipolythiodioxopiperazine-Based Natural Products: Building Blocks, Biosynthesis and Biological Activities.Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology · 2022Review
- Integration of In Silico and In Vitro Analysis of Gliotoxin Production Reveals a Narrow Range of Producing Fungal Species.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Exposure to theMicrobiology (Reading, England) · 2022Article
- Heterogeneity in the transcriptional response of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus to the antifungal agent caspofungin.Genetics · 2022Article
- Extensive non-coding sequence divergence between the major human pathogenFrontiers in fungal biology · 2022Article
- FunOrder 2.0 - a method for the fully automated curation of co-evolved genes in fungal biosynthetic gene clusters.Frontiers in fungal biology · 2022Article
- Regulation of gliotoxin biosynthesis and protection in Aspergillus species.PLoS genetics · 2022Article
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Gliotoxin, and other related molecules, are encoded by multi-gene clusters and biosynthesized by fungi using non-ribosomal biosynthetic mechanisms. Almost universally described in terms of its toxicity towards mammalian cells, gliotoxin has come to be considered as a component of the virulence arsenal of Aspergillus fumigatus. Here we show that deletion of a single gene, gliT, in the gliotoxin biosynthetic cluster of two A. fumigatus strains, rendered the organism highly sensitive to exogenous gliotoxin and completely disrupted gliotoxin secretion. Addition of glutathione to both A. fumigatus Delta gliT strains relieved gliotoxin inhibition. Moreover, expression of gliT appears to be independently regulated compared to all other cluster components and is up-regulated by exogenous gliotoxin presence, at both the transcript and protein level. Upon gliotoxin exposure, gliT is also expressed in A. fumigatus Delta gliZ, which cannot express any other genes in the gliotoxin biosynthetic cluster, indicating that gliT is primarily responsible for protecting this strain against exogenous gliotoxin. GliT exhibits a gliotoxin reductase activity up to 9 microM gliotoxin and appears to prevent irreversible depletion of intracellular glutathione stores by reduction of the oxidized form of gliotoxin. Cross-species resistance to exogenous gliotoxin is acquired by A. nidulans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, respectively, when transformed with gliT. We hypothesise that the primary role of gliotoxin may be as an antioxidant and that in addition to GliT functionality, gliotoxin secretion may be a component of an auto-protective mechanism, deployed by A. fumigatus to protect itself against this potent biomolecule.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.