ReviewClinical orthopaedics and related research2011
The radiographic approach to child abuse.
Review in Clinical orthopaedics and related research, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 87 citations in OpenAlex.
- Does osteogenesis imperfecta predispose infants to metaphyseal fractures? A systematic review.BMJ paediatrics open · 2026Pooled it
- Identifying Risk Factors of Children Who Suffered Physical Abuse: A Systematic Review.Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Italian guidelines on the assessment and management of pediatric head injury in the emergency department.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2018Pooled it
- Sentinel injuries in child abuse: a multidisciplinary approach.International journal of legal medicine · 2026Article
- Skeletal growth and development dictate the processes of vertebral fracture in the pediatric spine; a review emphasizing fracture biomechanics of the vertebral body during the period of skeletal immaturity.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Review
- Identification and Evaluation of Non-Accidental Trauma in the Pediatric Population: A Clinical Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Management of pediatric ankle fractures: comparison of biodegradable PLGA implants with traditional metal screws.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Article
- Bilateral Distal Humeral Physeal Separation-From Birth Trauma to Family Trauma.Journal of orthopaedic case reports · 2023Article
- Validating scoring systems for fracture healing in infants and young children: pilot study.Pediatric radiology · 2021Article
- Fractures of child abuse.Pediatric radiology · 2021Review
- Multiple fractures in infants who have Ehlers-Danlos/hypermobility syndrome and or vitamin D deficiency: A case series of 72 infants whose parents were accused of child abuse and neglect.Dermato-endocrinology · 2017Article
- A brief history of fatal child maltreatment and neglect.Forensic science, medicine, and pathology · 2014Review
- Adult post-mortem imaging in traumatic and cardiorespiratory death and its relation to clinical radiological imaging.The British journal of radiology · 2014Article
- Skeletal survey normal variants, artefacts and commonly misinterpreted findings not to be confused with non-accidental injury.Pediatric radiology · 2014Article
- Letter to the editor: Unexplained fractures: child abuse or bone disease: a systematic review.Clinical orthopaedics and related research · 2011Article
- CORRELATION BETWEEN FRACTURES AND ABUSE IN CHILDREN: A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS.Acta ortopedica brasileiraArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundOsseous injuries are a major facet of child abuse and in most patients radiographic imaging plays a major role in diagnosis. While some injuries are typically produced as a result of excessive and inappropriate force other injuries are nonspecific in terms of their causation, but become suspicious when the history provided by the caretakers is inconsistent with the type of injury produced. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: I detail the radiographic imaging of the more characteristic of the highly specific injuries, discuss the major issues that relate to some moderate- or low-specificity injuries, and describe several diseases that mimic abuse.
methodsA review of the current and recent literature focused on the radiographic imaging of child abuse was performed by searching the National Library of Medicine database at pubmed.gov. Keywords used included: radiology, fracture, child abuse, and/or nonaccidental trauma.
resultsInjuries that are highly specific for the diagnosis of abuse include metaphyseal corner fractures, posteromedial rib fractures, and sternal, scapular, and spinous process fractures. Lesions of moderate specificity include, among other injuries, multiple fractures of various ages and epiphyseal separations. Long-bone fractures and clavicular fractures, while common, are of low specificity. In addition to the appropriate accurate diagnosis of these injuries, several diseases and syndromes may mimic abuse due to the similarity in the radiographic picture.
conclusionsStratification of fractures sustained in child abuse according to specificity and an understanding of the several diseases that mimic abuse are helpful in the accurate diagnosis of child abuse. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V, diagnostic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.