ArticleNicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco2010
Breath carbon monoxide output is affected by speed of emptying the lungs: implications for laboratory and smoking cessation research.
Article in Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Single-case experimental designs: a systematic review of published research and current standards.Psychological methods · 2012Pooled it
- Longitudinal changes in smoking abstinence symptoms and alternative reinforcers predict long-term smoking cessation outcomes.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2016Trial
- Optimal carbon monoxide criteria to confirm 24-hr smoking abstinence.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2013Trial
- Deep sequencing of candidate genes identified 14 variants associated with smoking abstinence in an ethnically diverse sample.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The relationship between the severity of inflammatory bowel diseases and expirium air carbon monoxide levels.International journal of colorectal disease · 2023Article
- A risk perception model to promote smoking cessation among adult current smokers: Application of a community-based smoking cessation intervention.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2022Article
- Effectiveness of a smoking cessation algorithm integrated into HIV primary care: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.Contemporary clinical trials · 2021Article
- Mobile, Remote, and Individual Focused: Comparing Breath Carbon Monoxide Readings and Abstinence Between Smartphone-Enabled and Stand-Alone Monitors.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2021Article
- Evaluation of the MoMba Live Long Remote Smoking Detection System During and After Pregnancy: Development and Usability Study.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2020Article
- The mobile-phone-based iCOTobacco induced diseases · 2019Article
- Reduction of anxiety sensitivity in relation to nicotine withdrawal symptoms during smoking cessation: an examination among successful quitters.Cognitive behaviour therapy · 2018Article
- Smokers' Views on Personal Carbon Monoxide Monitors, Associated Apps, and Their Use: An Interview and Think-Aloud Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Article
- Modeling Pulmonary Gas Exchange and Single-Exhalation Profiles of Carbon Monoxide.Frontiers in physiology · 2018Article
- ANALYSIS OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN EXPIRED-AIR CARBON MONOXIDE MONITORS.Journal of smoking cessation · 2017Article
- Using eye-tracking to examine how embedding risk corrective statements improves cigarette risk beliefs: Implications for tobacco regulatory policy.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2016Article
- A randomized controlled trial of a videoconferencing smoking cessation intervention for Korean American women: preliminary findings.International journal of women's health · 2016Article
- Agreement between exhaled breath carbon monoxide threshold levels and self-reported cigarette smoking in a sample of male adolescents in Jordan.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2015Article
- Normal values of exhaled carbon monoxide in healthy subjects: comparison between two methods of assessment.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2014Article
- How low should you go? Determining the optimal cutoff for exhaled carbon monoxide to confirm smoking abstinence when using cotinine as reference.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2014Article
- A mobile-phone-based breath carbon monoxide meter to detect cigarette smoking.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionResearchers have used breath carbon monoxide (CO) cutoff values ranging from 4 to 10 ppm to define abstinence in cigarette-smoking cessation research and reductions in CO as a measure of acute abstinence in laboratory research. The current study used a reversal design to investigate effects of exhalation speed on CO output in four groups (non-, light, moderate, and heavy smokers; n = 20 per group).
methodsIn one condition, participants were instructed to empty their lungs as quickly as possible (fast), whereas in a different condition, participants were instructed to empty their lungs at a slow pace (slow). Conditions were counterbalanced and repeated twice for each participant.
resultsFor all groups, speed of exhalation was significantly lower during the slow condition than during the fast condition, and CO output was significantly higher during the slow condition than during the fast condition. Sensitivity and specificity analyses revealed that the optimal CO cutoff for smoking abstinence was 3 ppm during the fast condition versus 4 ppm during the slow condition. Additionally, when heavy smokers switched from exhaling slow to exhaling fast, they showed an approximately 30% reduction in CO. DISCUSSION: The results suggest that exhalation speed should be monitored when CO is used as a measure of smoking status for laboratory and smoking cessation research. If exhalation speed is not monitored when using CO to verify smoking cessation, then more conservative CO cutoff values should be used to avoid false negative CO readings.
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