ArticleThe Annals of occupational hygiene2010
Urine 1,6-hexamethylene diamine (HDA) levels among workers exposed to 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI).
Article in The Annals of occupational hygiene, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biomonitoring for Occupational Exposure to Diisocyanates: A Systematic Review.Annals of work exposures and health · 2020Pooled it
- Article
- Viability of cultured human skin cells treated with 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate monomer and its oligomer isocyanurate in different culture media.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Occupational Exposure to Diisocyanates in the European Union.Annals of work exposures and health · 2021Article
- Epigenetic Markers Are Associated With Differences in Isocyanate Biomarker Levels in Exposed Spray-Painters.Frontiers in genetics · 2021Article
- Influence of Genetic Variance on Biomarker Levels After Occupational Exposure to 1,6-Hexamethylene Diisocyanate Monomer and 1,6-Hexamethylene Diisocyanate Isocyanurate.Frontiers in genetics · 2020Article
- UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the quantitative measurement of aliphatic diamines, trimethylamine N-oxide, and β-methylamino-l-alanine in human urine.Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences · 2018Article
- Trisaminohexyl isocyanurate, a urinary biomarker of HDI isocyanurate exposure.Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences · 2018Article
- Identification of novel reaction products of methylene-bis-phenylisocyanate ("MDI") with oxidized glutathione in aqueous solution and also during incubation of MDI with a murine hepatic S9 fraction.Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA · 2016Article
- DNA methylation modifies urine biomarker levels in 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate exposed workers: a pilot study.Toxicology letters · 2014Article
- Hemoglobin adducts in workers exposed to 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate.Biomarkers : biochemical indicators of exposure, response, and susceptibility to chemicals · 2011Article
- Factors affecting variability in the urinary biomarker 1,6-hexamethylene diamine in workers exposed to 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate.Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM · 2011Article
- Occupational exposure to HDI: progress and challenges in biomarker analysis.Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences · 2010Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Urinary 1,6-hexamethylene diamine (HDA) may serve as a biomarker for systemic exposure to 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) in occupationally exposed populations. However, the quantitative relationships between dermal and inhalation exposure to HDI and urine HDA levels have not been established. We measured acid-hydrolyzed urine HDA levels along with dermal and breathing-zone levels of HDI in 48 automotive spray painters. These measurements were conducted over the course of an entire workday for up to three separate workdays that were spaced approximately 1 month apart. One urine sample was collected before the start of work with HDI-containing paints and subsequent samples were collected during the workday. HDA levels varied throughout the day and ranged from nondetectable to 65.9 microg l(-1) with a geometric mean and geometric standard deviation of 0.10 microg l(-1) +/- 6.68. Dermal exposure and inhalation exposure levels, adjusted for the type of respirator worn, were both significant predictors of urine HDA levels in the linear mixed models. Creatinine was a significant covariate when used as an independent variable along with dermal and respirator-adjusted inhalation exposure. Consequently, exposure assessment models must account for the water content of a urine sample. These findings indicate that HDA exhibits a biphasic elimination pattern, with a half-life of 2.9 h for the fast elimination phase. Our results also indicate that urine HDA level is significantly associated with systemic HDI exposure through both the skin and the lungs. We conclude that urinary HDA may be used as a biomarker of exposure to HDI, but biological monitoring should be tailored to reliably capture the intermittent exposure pattern typical in this industry.
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Registered trials
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