ArticleJournal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association2011
Biologically active breast milk proteins in association with very preterm delivery and stage of lactation.
Article in Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 87 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Breast Milk Immunoglobulinome.Nutrients · 2021Pooled it
- Factors affecting lactoferrin concentration in human milk: how much do we know?Biochemistry and cell biology = Biochimie et biologie cellulaire · 2017Pooled it
- Short outcomes of donor milk and mother's own milk for preterm infants.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Comparative Analysis of Adipokines and Growth Factors in Preterm and Term Breast Milk and Their Role in Infant Growth.Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- Determinants of human milk lactoferrin concentrations in rural Bangladesh.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Risk factors associated with the development of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants on an exclusive human milk diet: a single-center case-control study.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2025Article
- Unravelling the effect of parity on immunoglobulins, cytokines and adipokines in human transitional milk and their association with infant infections during the first 6 months of life.International breastfeeding journal · 2025Article
- Evolutionary bridges: how factors present in amniotic fluid and human milk help mature the gut.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2024Review
- Factors Influencing Breast Milk Antibody Titers during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: An Observational Study.Nutrients · 2024Observational
- Endorphins, Sexuality, and Reproduction.Advances in neurobiology · 2024Article
- Unveiling the dynamics of the breast milk microbiome: impact of lactation stage and gestational age.Journal of translational medicine · 2023Article
- Review
- Protein and Immune Component Content of Donor Human Milk in Japan: Variation with Gestational and Postpartum Age.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Exclusive Human Milk Diet for Extremely Premature Infants: A Novel Fortification Strategy That Enhances the Bioactive Properties of Fresh, Frozen, and Pasteurized Milk Specimens.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2023Observational
- Human Breast Milk: The Key Role in the Maturation of Immune, Gastrointestinal and Central Nervous Systems: A Narrative Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Human Breast Milk: From Food to Active Immune Response With Disease Protection in Infants and Mothers.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Preservation of Anti-cytomegalovirus Activity in Human Milk Following High-Pressure Processing Compared to Holder Pasteurization.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Human breast milk-based nutritherapy: A blueprint for pediatric healthcare.Journal of food and drug analysis · 2021Review
- Active free secretory component and secretory IgA in human milk: do maternal vaccination, allergy, infection, mode of delivery, nutrition and active lifestyle change their concentrations?Pediatric research · 2021Article
- The Relationship Between Breast Milk Components and the Infant Gut Microbiota.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe aim of this study was to identify the independent effect of very preterm gestation on breast milk content of biologically active proteins (secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), lysozyme, lactoferrin, osteoprotegerin (OPG), leptin, adiponectin and β-endorphin (b-EP)) during the first month of lactation. STUDY
designWe collected samples of transitional (6 to 8 and 13 to 15 days) and mature (20 to 22 and 27 to 29 days) milk from mothers after term (38 to 41 weeks) or very preterm (24 to 31 weeks) delivery. The levels of sIgA, lysozyme, lactoferrin, OPG, leptin, adiponectin and b-EP in the breast milk were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or enzyme immunoassay kits. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and regression analysis.
resultSixty breast milk samples were collected from 15 mothers after very preterm (preterm breast milk, PBM) and 20 samples from 5 mothers after term (term breast milk, TBM) deliveries. Decrease in lysozyme, lactoferrin, OPG, leptin, adiponectin and b-EP but no change in sIgA was recorded during the first month of lactation in both TBM and PBM. The IgA, lysozyme and adiponectin were higher in PBM than in TBM, whereas concentrations of lactoferrin, OPG and leptin were higher in TBM than in PBM (P<0.05 to 0.0001). A similar pattern was seen in the lysozyme, leptin and adiponectin concentration in mature milk. Increased b-EP levels in breast milk were associated with the vaginal mode of delivery but not gestational age.
conclusionAlthough a similar pattern of change was observed in the breast milk bioactive proteins during the first month of lactation after term and very preterm gestation, PBM is a better source of factors with antibacterial/anti-inflammatory activities but is constantly deficient in leptin, which is involved in neuroendocrine regulation.
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Registered trials
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