ArticleDiabetes/metabolism research and reviews2010
Characterization of CD4+ T cells specific for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) and proinsulin in a patient with stiff-person syndrome but without type 1 diabetes.
Article in Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Characteristics of in-vitro phenotypes of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 autoantibodies in high-titre individuals.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2013Trial
- Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome and GAD65 related-temporal lobe epilepsy.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Article
- The limbic and extra-limbic encephalitis associated with glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-65 antibodies: an observational study.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Observational
- Stiff-person syndrome and related disorders - diagnosis, mechanisms and therapies.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2024Review
- Increased islet antigen-specific regulatory and effector CD4Science immunology · 2020Article
- Stiff Person Syndrome and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: a Case of the Chicken or the Egg?Journal of general internal medicine · 2019Article
- Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) and Islet Autoantibodies Are Tools to Characterize Type 1 Diabetes in Arab Countries: Emphasis on Kuwait.Disease markers · 2019Review
- Immunoendocrinology: When (neuro)endocrinology and immunology meet.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2018Article
- Expanding Role of T Cells in Human Autoimmune Diseases of the Central Nervous System.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Review
- Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody positive neurological syndromes.Neurosciences (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) · 2016Review
- Mechanistic basis of immunotherapies for type 1 diabetes mellitus.Translational research : the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine · 2013Review
- Production of primary human CD4⁺ T cell lines and clones.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2013Article
- Autoimmune stiff person syndrome and related myelopathies: understanding of electrophysiological and immunological processes.Muscle & nerve · 2012Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGlutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) and an important autoantigen both in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and stiff-person syndrome (SPS). Autoantibodies (GADA) to the 65-kDa isoform of GAD are a characteristic feature in both diseases. Approximately 30% of patients with SPS develop diabetes, yet, it is unclear to which extent co-existing autoimmunity to GAD65 and other islet autoantigens determines the risk of developing T1D.
methodsIn this study, we monitored CD4+ T-cell responses to GAD65 and proinsulin in a patient with SPS who remained normoglycaemic during the 46-month follow-up.
resultsFluctuating but persistent T-cell reactivity to GAD65 was identified, as well as T-cell reactivity to proinsulin at one time point. The majority of the T-cell clones isolated from the patient with SPS produced high levels of Th2 cytokines (IL-13, IL-5 and IL-4). We also examined levels of GADA, insulin and IA-2 autoantibodies, and epitope specificity of GADA. In both serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), GADA levels were high, and GADA persisted throughout the follow-up. Despite T-cell reactivity to both GAD65 and proinsulin, autoantibodies to other islet autoantigens did not develop.
conclusionsFurther follow-up will determine whether the beta-cell autoimmunity observed in this patient will eventually lead to T1D.
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