Evidence map›Paper›PMID 20478960›Full record

Trial reportBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2010

Improving immunisation coverage in rural India: clustered randomised controlled evaluation of immunisation campaigns with and without incentives.

Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee, Esther Duflo, Rachel Glennerster, Dhruva Kothari

Erratum issued 3 registry-linked trialsOpen access · hybridAbstract readComparative StudyRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 149 papers, 18 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
149citing papers in PubMed, 18 pooled it
19.1field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT02518178 naunknown statusnot on this mapstarted 2015, after this paper: background citation

Khushi Baby (KB): Efficacy and Impact Assessment of Novel Mobile Health Solution for Vaccination Record Keeping in Rural Udaipur, Rajasthan, India

TypeinterventionalSponsorKhushi Baby Inc.Ran2015 to 2016Enrolled300ConditionsDTP Vaccine Series CompletionArmsNFC Necklace, Voice Reminder, NFC Sticker
NCT04772469 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2021, after this paper: background citation

Self-Test Strategies and Linkage Incentives to Improve ART and PrEP Uptake in Men

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of California, San FranciscoRan2021 to 2023Enrolled934ConditionsHuman Immunodeficiency Virus, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, HIV Infections, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, ViralArmsProvision of multiple self-tests, Small monetary incentives, Use of SMS/text reminders to motivate adherence to ART or PrEP
NCT07592260 narecruitingnot on this mapstarted 2025, after this paper: background citation

OptiMAx: Incentivizing EPI Vaccination Via Distribution of SQ-LNS Nutritional Supplementation to Children From Age 6-11 Months Until 18 Months of Age in Rural Chad and Niger, With a Cost Effectiveness Analysis Protocol for a Research Study Nested in the OptiMA Research Study in Ngouri Health District, Lake Region, Chad and Mirriah Health District, Zinder Region, Niger

TypeinterventionalSponsorAlliance for International Medical ActionRan2025 to 2026Enrolled20,000ConditionsMalnutrition Severe, VaccinationArmssmall quantity lipid-based supplement (SQ-LNS)
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

149 citing papers in PubMed, 18 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 503 citations in OpenAlex.

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89 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Abhijit Vinayak BanerjeeDepartment of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Memorial Drive, E52-391, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
Esther Duflo
Rachel Glennerster
Dhruva Kothari
Massachusetts Institute of Technology · USAbdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab · USUniversity Physicians · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo assess the efficacy of modest non-financial incentives on immunisation rates in children aged 1-3 and to compare it with the effect of only improving the reliability of the supply of services.

designClustered randomised controlled study.

settingRural Rajasthan, India.

participants1640 children aged 1-3 at end point.

interventions134 villages were randomised to one of three groups: a once monthly reliable immunisation camp (intervention A; 379 children from 30 villages); a once monthly reliable immunisation camp with small incentives (raw lentils and metal plates for completed immunisation; intervention B; 382 children from 30 villages), or control (no intervention, 860 children in 74 villages). Surveys were undertaken in randomly selected households at baseline and about 18 months after the interventions started (end point).

main outcome measuresProportion of children aged 1-3 at the end point who were partially or fully immunised.

resultsAmong children aged 1-3 in the end point survey, rates of full immunisation were 39% (148/382, 95% confidence interval 30% to 47%) for intervention B villages (reliable immunisation with incentives), 18% (68/379, 11% to 23%) for intervention A villages (reliable immunisation without incentives), and 6% (50/860, 3% to 9%) for control villages. The relative risk of complete immunisation for intervention B versus control was 6.7 (4.5 to 8.8) and for intervention B versus intervention A was 2.2 (1.5 to 2.8). Children in areas neighbouring intervention B villages were also more likely to be fully immunised than those from areas neighbouring intervention A villages (1.9, 1.1 to 2.8). The average cost per immunisation was $56 (2202 rupees) in intervention A and $28 (1102 rupees, about pound16 or euro19) in intervention B.

conclusionsImproving reliability of services improves immunisation rates, but the effect remains modest. Small incentives have large positive impacts on the uptake of immunisation services in resource poor areas and are more cost effective than purely improving supply.

trial registrationIRSCTN87759937.

Indexed as

Child, PreschoolCluster AnalysisCost-Benefit AnalysisFemaleHealth PromotionHumansImmunizationImmunization ProgramsIndiaInfantMaleMotivationPatient Acceptance of Health CareProgram EvaluationRural Health

Identifiers

PMID20478960
PMCPMC2871989
OpenAlexW2145659716

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.