ArticleThe Journal of biological chemistry2010
A toxin-based probe reveals cytoplasmic exposure of Golgi sphingomyelin.
Article in The Journal of biological chemistry, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sorting of lysosomal enzyme and autophagy are regulated by the GGA1-induced TGN lipid scrambling.Science advances · 2026Article
- Review
- Through the holes: the biotechnological potential of actinoporins (and other PFPs).Biophysical reviews · 2026Review
- Surface Plasmon Resonance for Measuring Interactions of Proteins with Lipids and Lipid Membranes.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Emerging Approaches for Studying Lipid Dynamics, Metabolism, and Interactions in Cells.Annual review of biochemistry · 2025Review
- Cnidarian toxins: omics approaches and recombinant proteins.The journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases · 2025Article
- A non-toxic equinatoxin-II reveals the dynamics and distribution of sphingomyelin in the cytosolic leaflet of the plasma membrane.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Development of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent KSR1-Based Probes to Track Ceramides during Phagocytosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Actinoporin-like Proteins Are Widely Distributed in the Phylum Porifera.Marine drugs · 2022Article
- Strategies for Heterologous Expression, Synthesis, and Purification of Animal Venom Toxins.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2021Review
- Imaging Sphingomyelin- and Cholesterol-Enriched Domains in the Plasma Membrane Using a Novel Probe and Super-Resolution Microscopy.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2021Article
- Functional and Structural Variation among Sticholysins, Pore-Forming Proteins from the Sea AnemoneInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Evaluation of Hydra HALT-1 as a toxin moiety for recombinant immunotoxin.BMC biotechnology · 2020Article
- Actinoporins: From the Structure and Function to the Generation of Biotechnological and Therapeutic Tools.Biomolecules · 2020Review
- Pore-Forming Proteins from Cnidarians and Arachnids as Potential Biotechnological Tools.Toxins · 2019Article
- Self-homodimerization of an actinoporin by disulfide bridging reveals implications for their structure and pore formation.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Crystal structure of an invertebrate cytolysin pore reveals unique properties and mechanism of assembly.Nature communications · 2016Article
- Review
- Characterization of the Lipid-Binding Site of Equinatoxin II by NMR and Molecular Dynamics Simulation.Biophysical journal · 2015Article
- Ceramide-induced apoptosis in renal tubular cells: a role of mitochondria and sphingosine-1-phoshate.International journal of molecular sciences · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although sphingomyelin is an important cellular lipid, its subcellular distribution is not precisely known. Here we use a sea anemone cytolysin, equinatoxin II (EqtII), which specifically binds sphingomyelin, as a new marker to detect cellular sphingomyelin. A purified fusion protein composed of EqtII and green fluorescent protein (EqtII-GFP) binds to the SM rich apical membrane of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) II cells when added exogenously, but not to the SM-free basolateral membrane. When expressed intracellularly within MDCK II cells, EqtII-GFP colocalizes with markers for Golgi apparatus and not with those for nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum or plasma membrane. Colocalization with the Golgi apparatus was confirmed by also using NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Moreover, EqtII-GFP was enriched in cis-Golgi compartments isolated by gradient ultracentrifugation. The data reveal that EqtII-GFP is a sensitive probe for membrane sphingomyelin, which provides new information on cytosolic exposure, essential to understand its diverse physiological roles.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.