ReviewImmunological investigations2010
Heat-labile enterotoxins as adjuvants or anti-inflammatory agents.
Review in Immunological investigations, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed.
- Circular Permutation of theACS omega · 2026Article
- Bioinformatics analysis of the in silico engineered protein vaccine with and without Escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin adjuvant on the model of Klebsiella pneumoniae.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- rBCG-LTAK63 enhances protection against tuberculosis by inducing autophagy and circadian gene regulation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Current Progress in the Science of Novel Adjuvant Nano-Vaccine-Induced Protective Immune Responses.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- SARS-CoV-2: Immunity, Challenges with Current Vaccines, and a Novel Perspective on Mucosal Vaccines.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Article
- Attacking the Intruder at the Gate: Prospects of Mucosal Anti SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Heat-Labile Toxin from EnterotoxigenicToxins · 2021Article
- Prospects for mucosal vaccine: shutting the door on SARS-CoV-2.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2020Review
- Type IIb Heat Labile Enterotoxin B Subunit as a Mucosal Adjuvant to Enhance Protective Immunity against H5N1 Avian Influenza Viruses.Vaccines · 2020Article
- Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5 Hemagglutinin Fused with the A Subunit of Type IIbVaccines · 2019Article
- Recognition of the microbiota by Nod2 contributes to the oral adjuvant activity of cholera toxin through the induction of interleukin-1β.Immunology · 2019Article
- Review
- Patching it together: epicutaneous vaccination with heat-labile Escherichia coli toxin against birch pollen allergy.Allergy · 2017Article
- The chromosomal nature of LT-II enterotoxins solved: a lambdoid prophage encodes both LT-II and one of two novel pertussis-toxin-like toxin family members in type II enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.Pathogens and disease · 2016Article
- Comparative Safety of Vaccine Adjuvants: A Summary of Current Evidence and Future Needs.Drug safety · 2015Review
- Intranasal DNA Vaccine for Protection against Respiratory Infectious Diseases: The Delivery Perspectives.Pharmaceutics · 2014Article
- Article
- Recent advances in understanding enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2013Review
- Type II heat-labile enterotoxins: structure, function, and immunomodulatory properties.Veterinary immunology and immunopathology · 2013Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae produce structurally related AB5-type heat-labile enterotoxins, which are classified into two major types. The Type I subfamily includes cholera toxin and E. coli LT-I, whereas the Type II subfamily comprises LT-IIa and LT-IIb. In addition to their roles in microbial pathogenesis, the enterotoxins are widely and intensively studied for their exceptionally strong adjuvant and immunomodulatory activities, which are not necessarily dependent upon their abilities to elevate intracellular cAMP levels. Despite general structural similarities, these molecules, in intact or derivative form, display notable differences in their interactions with gangliosides or Toll-like receptors. This divergence results in differential immune response outcomes, the underlying mechanisms of which remain largely uncharacterized. Whereas the study of these molecules has been pivotal in understanding basic mechanisms of immune regulation, a formidable challenge is to dissociate toxicity from useful properties that can be exploited in vaccine development or for the treatment of autoimmune inflammatory diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.