ArticleVaccine2010
Preclinical evaluation of the synthetic adjuvant SQS-21 and its constituent isomeric saponins.
Article in Vaccine, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ganglioside enhances the immunogenicity of nanoparticles displaying short synthetic tumor neoepitopes and epitopes.Theranostics · 2026Article
- A streamlined synthetic approach to the truncated linear trisaccharide fragment of QS-21.Frontiers in chemistry · 2025Article
- Design and Synthesis of Immunoadjuvant QS-21 Analogs and Their Biological Evaluation.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- cGAMP/Saponin Adjuvant Combination Improves Protective Response to Influenza Vaccination by Microneedle Patch in an Aged Mouse Model.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Synthesis and Evaluation of QS-7-Based Vaccine Adjuvants.ACS infectious diseases · 2019Article
- Development of Improved Vaccine Adjuvants Based on the Saponin Natural Product QS-21 through Chemical Synthesis.Accounts of chemical research · 2016Article
- Article
- Tau-Directed Immunotherapy: A Promising Strategy for Treating Alzheimer's Disease and Other Tauopathies.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2016Review
- New vaccines against influenza virus.Clinical and experimental vaccine research · 2014Review
- Synthesis of QS-21-based immunoadjuvants.The Journal of organic chemistry · 2013Article
- Synthesis and preclinical evaluation of QS-21 variants leading to simplified vaccine adjuvants and mechanistic probes.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2012Article
- Characterization of in vivo anti-rotavirus activities of saponin extracts from Quillaja saponaria Molina.Antiviral research · 2011Article
- Natural and synthetic saponin adjuvant QS-21 for vaccines against cancer.Expert review of vaccines · 2011Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The saponin fraction QS-21 from Quillaja saponaria has been demonstrated to be a potent immunological adjuvant when mixed with keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate vaccines, as well as with other classes of subunit antigen vaccines. QS-21 adjuvant is composed of two isomers that include the apiose and xylose forms in a ratio of 65:35, respectively. The chemical syntheses of these two isomers in pure form have recently been disclosed. Herein we describe detailed in vivo immunological evaluations of these synthetic QS-21 isomeric constituents, employing the GD3-KLH melanoma antigen. With this vaccine construct, high antibody titers against GD3 ganglioside and KLH were elicited when GD3-KLH was co-administered with adjuvant, either as the individual separate synthetic QS-21 isomers (SQS-21-Api or SQS-21-Xyl), or as its reconstituted 65:35 isomeric mixture (SQS-21). These antibody titer levels were comparable to that elicited by vaccinations employing naturally derived QS-21 (PQS-21). Moreover, toxicities of the synthetic saponin adjuvants were also found to be comparable to that of naturally derived PQS-21. These findings demonstrate unequivocally that the adjuvant activity of QS-21 resides in these two principal isomeric forms, and not in trace contaminants within the natural extracts. This lays the foundation for future exploration of structure-function correlations to enable the discovery of novel saponins with increased potency, enhanced stability, and attenuated toxicity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.