ArticleScience (New York, N.Y.)2010
A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome.
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1,564 citing papers in PubMed.
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1,504 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
56 authors.
Richard E GreenDepartment of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Johannes Krause *Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Adrian W Briggs *Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Tomislav Maricic *Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Udo Stenzel *Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Martin Kircher *Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Nick Patterson *Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
Heng LiBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
Weiwei ZhaiDepartment of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
Markus Hsi-Yang FritzEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, UK.
Nancy F HansenGenome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Eric Y DurandDepartment of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
Anna-Sapfo MalaspinasDepartment of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
Jeffrey D JensenProgram in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
Tomas Marques-BonetHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Can AlkanHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Kay PrüferDepartment of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Matthias MeyerDepartment of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Hernán A BurbanoDepartment of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Jeffrey M GoodDepartment of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Rigo SchultzDepartment of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Ayinuer Aximu-PetriDepartment of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Anne ButthofDepartment of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Barbara HöberDepartment of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Barbara HöffnerDepartment of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Madlen SiegemundDepartment of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Antje WeihmannDepartment of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Chad NusbaumBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
Eric S LanderBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
Carsten RussBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
Nathaniel NovodBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
Jason Affourtit454 Life Sciences, Branford, CT 06405, USA.
Michael Egholm454 Life Sciences, Branford, CT 06405, USA.
Christine VernaDepartment of Human Evolution, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Pavao RudanCroatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zrinski trg 11, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
Dejana BrajkovicCroatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Institute for Quaternary Paleontology and Geology, Ante Kovacica 5, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
Željko KucanCroatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zrinski trg 11, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
Ivan GušicCroatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zrinski trg 11, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
Vladimir B DoronichevANO Laboratory of Prehistory, St. Petersburg, Russia.
Liubov V GolovanovaANO Laboratory of Prehistory, St. Petersburg, Russia.
Carles Lalueza-FoxInstitute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
Marco de la RasillaÁrea de Prehistoria Departamento de Historia Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
Javier ForteaÁrea de Prehistoria Departamento de Historia Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
Antonio RosasDepartamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
Ralf W SchmitzDer Landschaftverband Rheinlund-Landesmuseum Bonn, Bachstrasse 5-9, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
Philip L F JohnsonDepartment of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
Evan E EichlerHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Daniel FalushDepartment of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
Ewan BirneyEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, UK.
James C MullikinGenome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Montgomery SlatkinDepartment of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
Rasmus NielsenDepartment of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
Janet KelsoDepartment of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Michael LachmannDepartment of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
David ReichBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
Svante PääboDepartment of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Funding
Inter- and Intra-Species Comparative SequencingZIBHG000196 · NHGRI · NATIONAL HUMAN GENOME RESEARCH INSTITUTE · PI THOMAS, JAMES · 2009 to 2025
$177.6MComparative Genomics Unit ResearchZIAHG200330 · NHGRI · NATIONAL HUMAN GENOME RESEARCH INSTITUTE · PI MULLIKIN, JAMES C · 2009 to 2022
$17.9MMODELS OF COMPLEX GENETIC SYSTEMSR01GM040282 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY · PI SLATKIN, MONTGOMERY WILSON · 1988 to 2017
$4.4MHoward Hughes Medical InstituteIntramural NIH HHSNIGMS NIH HHS GM40282NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM040282
Abstract
Neandertals, the closest evolutionary relatives of present-day humans, lived in large parts of Europe and western Asia before disappearing 30,000 years ago. We present a draft sequence of the Neandertal genome composed of more than 4 billion nucleotides from three individuals. Comparisons of the Neandertal genome to the genomes of five present-day humans from different parts of the world identify a number of genomic regions that may have been affected by positive selection in ancestral modern humans, including genes involved in metabolism and in cognitive and skeletal development. We show that Neandertals shared more genetic variants with present-day humans in Eurasia than with present-day humans in sub-Saharan Africa, suggesting that gene flow from Neandertals into the ancestors of non-Africans occurred before the divergence of Eurasian groups from each other.
Indexed as
FossilsGenomeGenome, HumanSequence Analysis, DNAAnimalsAsian PeopleBase SequenceBlack PeopleBone and BonesDNA, MitochondrialEvolution, MolecularExtinction, BiologicalFemaleGene DosageGene FlowGenetic VariationDNA, Mitochondrial
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