ArticleActa orthopaedica2010
Clinical classification of cauda equina syndrome for proper treatment.
Article in Acta orthopaedica, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of spinal manipulation or mobilization as an adjunct to neurodynamic mobilization for lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy: a randomized clinical trial.The Journal of manual & manipulative therapy · 2023Trial
- The impact of prolapse to canal ratio (PCR) in cauda equina syndrome outcomes and operative management.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2026Article
- Intradural extramedullary spinal epidermoid cyst: a narrative review of predisposing factors, surgical challenges, and outcomes.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Review
- Biportal endoscopic lumbar discectomy surgery in patients with cauda equina syndrome caused by lumbar herniated intervertebral disc: a retrospective multi-center cohort study.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2025Article
- Non-pressurized percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal lumbar discectomy in the treatment of cauda equina syndrome caused by lumbar disc herniation.Frontiers in surgery · 2025Article
- A comparison of available guidelines for the detection of cauda equina syndrome and assessing the need for further clinical guidance in Ireland.Irish journal of medical science · 2024Review
- Cauda equina, conus medullaris and syndromes mimicking sciatic pain: WFNS spine committee recommendations.World neurosurgery: X · 2024Review
- Technical feasibility of combined uniportal unilateral laminotomy with bilateral decompression and interlaminar lumbar discectomy surgery for cauda equina syndrome due to lower lumbar disc herniation.North American Spine Society journal · 2023Article
- Neuroradiology of acute pathologies in adults with hematologic malignancies: a pictorial review.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2023Review
- Physical Examination Is Predictive of Cauda Equina Syndrome: MRI to Rule Out Diagnosis Is Unnecessary.Global spine journal · 2022Article
- Minimally invasive discectomy versus open laminectomy and discectomy for the treatment of cauda equina syndrome: A preliminary study and case series.Frontiers in surgery · 2022Article
- Relationship between Preoperative Neuroradiological Findings and Intraoperative Bulbocavernosus Reflex Amplitude in Patients with Intradural Extramedullary Tumors.Neurologia medico-chirurgica · 2021Article
- Full Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy Versus Laminectomy for Cauda Equina Syndrome.International journal of spine surgery · 2021Article
- Patient-Reported Bladder, Bowel, and Sexual Function After Cauda Equina Syndrome Secondary to a Herniated Lumbar Intervertebral Disc.Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation · 2020Observational
- Does the Surgical Timing and Decompression Alone or Fusion Surgery in Lumbar Stenosis Influence Outcome in Cauda Equina Syndrome?Asian spine journal · 2019Article
- Outcomes Reported After Surgery for Cauda Equina Syndrome: A Systematic Literature Review.Spine · 2018Review
- Spinal Cord Injury Clinical Registries: Improving Care across the SCI Care Continuum by Identifying Knowledge Gaps.Journal of neurotrauma · 2017Article
- Do we know the outcome predictors for cauda equine syndrome (CES)? A retrospective, single-center analysis of 60 patients with CES with a suggestion for a new score to measure severity of symptoms.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2017Article
- Impact of bladder, bowel and sexual dysfunction on health status of people with thoracolumbar spinal cord injuries living in the community.The journal of spinal cord medicine · 2017Article
- Differential Expression of Tubulin Acetylase and Deacetylase Between the Damaged Central and Peripheral Branch of Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
background and purposeCauda equina syndrome (CES) is a severe complication of lumbar spinal disorders; it results from compression of the nerve roots of the cauda equina. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of a classification scheme of CES based on factors including clinical symptoms, imaging signs, and electrophysiological findings.
methodsThe records of 39 patients with CES were divided into 4 groups based on clinical features as follows. Group 1 (preclinical): low back pain with only bulbocavernosus reflex and ischiocavernosus reflex abnormalities. Group 2 (early): saddle sensory disturbance and bilateral sciatica. Group 3 (middle): saddle sensory disturbance, bowel or bladder dysfunction, motor weakness of the lower extremity, and reduced sexual function. Group 4 (late): absence of saddle sensation and sexual function in addition to uncontrolled bowel function. The outcome including radiographic and electrophysiological findings was compared between groups.
resultsThe main clinical manifestations of CES included bilateral saddle sensory disturbance, and bowel, bladder, and sexual dysfunction. The clinical symptoms of patients with multiple-segment canal stenosis identified radiographically were more severe than those of patients with single-segment stenosis. BCR and ICR improved in groups 1 and 2 after surgery, but no change was noted for groups 3 and 4.
interpretationWe conclude that bilateral radiculopathy or sciatica are early stages of CES and indicate a high risk of development of advanced CES. Electrophysiological abnormalities and reduced saddle sensation are indices of early diagnosis. Patients at the preclinical and early stages have better functional recovery than patients in later stages after surgical decompression.
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