ArticlePLoS pathogens2010
Keratinocytes determine Th1 immunity during early experimental leishmaniasis.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- The proteinase-activated receptor-2 mediates protective immunity in early experimental leishmaniasis.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Human sand fly challenge elicits saliva-specific innate and type 1-polarized immunity that promotes Leishmania killing.Communications biology · 2026Article
- DNA Methylation in macrophages infected withEmerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- An overview of host immune responses against Leishmania spp. infections.Human molecular genetics · 2025Review
- Human sand fly challenge elicits saliva-specific innate and TbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Non-additive strong gene interactions cause striking differences in organ pathology and cytokine response in Leishmaniasis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Cutaneous leishmaniasis and iron metabolism: current insights and challenges.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- The immune response in canine and human leishmaniasis and how this influences the diagnosis- a review and assessment of recent research.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Review
- Eosinophils, but Not Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells, Are the Predominant Source of Interleukin 4 during the Innate Phase ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Skin: Dermal Parasite Transmission to Sand Flies.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Immune Responses in Leishmaniasis: An Overview.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2022Review
- Dissection of the macrophage response towards infection by theFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
- The Impact of Neutrophil Recruitment to the Skin on the Pathology Induced byFrontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- A Cytokine Network Balance Influences the Fate ofFrontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Early Leukocyte Responses inFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Article
- Unravelling the unsolved paradoxes of cytokine families in host resistance and susceptibility toCytokine: X · 2020Article
- Acute IL-4 Governs Pathogenic T Cell Responses duringImmunoHorizons · 2020Article
- Interleukin-1 as Innate Mediator of T Cell Immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Leishmania major degrades murine CXCL1 - An immune evasion strategy.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Experimental leishmaniasis is an excellent model system for analyzing Th1/Th2 differentiation. Resistance to Leishmania (L.) major depends on the development of a L. major specific Th1 response, while Th2 differentiation results in susceptibility. There is growing evidence that the microenvironment of the early affected tissue delivers the initial triggers for Th-cell differentiation. To analyze this we studied differential gene expression in infected skin of resistant and susceptible mice 16h after parasite inoculation. Employing microarray technology, bioinformatics, laser-microdissection and in-situ-hybridization we found that the epidermis was the major source of immunomodulatory mediators. This epidermal gene induction was significantly stronger in resistant mice especially for several genes known to promote Th1 differentiation (IL-12, IL-1beta, osteopontin, IL-4) and for IL-6. Expression of these cytokines was temporally restricted to the crucial time of Th1/2 differentiation. Moreover, we revealed a stronger epidermal up-regulation of IL-6 in the epidermis of resistant mice. Accordingly, early local neutralization of IL-4 in resistant mice resulted in a Th2 switch and mice with a selective IL-6 deficiency in non-hematopoietic cells showed a Th2 switch and dramatic deterioration of disease. Thus, our data indicate for the first time that epidermal cytokine expression is a decisive factor in the generation of protective Th1 immunity and contributes to the outcome of infection with this important human pathogen.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.