ReviewEuropean journal of applied physiology2011
Energetics of swimming: a historical perspective.
Review in European journal of applied physiology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Factors Relating to Sprint Swimming Performance: A Systematic Review.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Pooled it
- Energy cost and body centre of mass' 3D intracycle velocity variation in swimming.European journal of applied physiology · 2012Trial
- Swimming turns reduce energy demands of the aerobic performance in front crawl.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Training intensity distribution for sprinter swimmers: suggestions for swimming coaches and scientists.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Review
- Review
- Aerobic capacity in swimming, cycling and arm cranking in swimmers aged 11-13 years.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2024Article
- Assessment of Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Contributions in an Extreme Intensity CrossFitSensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- A century of exercise physiology: concepts that ignited the study of human thermoregulation. Part 3: Heat and cold tolerance during exercise.European journal of applied physiology · 2024Review
- Training zones in competitive swimming: a biophysical approach.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2024Article
- Which of the Physiological vs. Critical Speed Is a Determinant of Modern Pentathlon 200 m Front Crawl Swimming Performance: The Influence of Protocol and Ergometer vs. Swimming Pool Conditions.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- The impact of a single surfing paddling cycle on fatigue and energy cost.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Are Young Swimmers Short and Middle Distances Energy Cost Sex-Specific?Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Gliding performance is affected by cranial movement of abdominal organs.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- 5 km front crawl in pool and open water swimming: breath-by-breath energy expenditure and kinematic analysis.European journal of applied physiology · 2020Article
- Modelling the 200 m Front-Crawl Performance Predictors at the Winter Season Peak.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Front Crawl Is More Efficient and Has Smaller Active Drag Than Backstroke Swimming: Kinematic and Kinetic Comparison Between the Two Techniques at the Same Swimming Speeds.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2020Article
- The energy cost of swimming and its determinants.European journal of applied physiology · 2020Review
- A Biophysical Analysis on the Arm Stroke Efficiency in Front Crawl Swimming: Comparing Methods and Determining the Main Performance Predictors.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Do the Fastest Open-Water Swimmers have A Higher Speed in Middle- and Long-Distance Pool Swimming Events?Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2019Article
- Bayesian approach to quantify morphological impact on performance in international elite freestyle swimming.BMJ open sport & exercise medicine · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The energy cost to swim a unit distance (C(sw)) is given by the ratio E/v where E is the net metabolic power and v is the swimming speed. The contribution of the aerobic and anaerobic energy sources to E in swimming competitions is independent of swimming style, gender or skill and depends essentially upon the duration of the exercise. C(sw) is essentially determined by the hydrodynamic resistance (W(d)): the higher W(d) the higher C(sw); and by the propelling efficiency (η(P)): the higher η(P) the lower C(sw). Hence, all factors influencing W(d) and/or η(P) result in proportional changes in C(sw). Maximal metabolic power E max and C(sw) are the main determinants of swimming performance; an improvement in a subject's best performance time can more easily be obtained by a reduction of C sw) rather than by an (equal) increase in E max (in either of its components, aerobic or anaerobic). These sentences, which constitute a significant contribution to today's knowledge about swimming energetics, are based on the studies that Professor Pietro Enrico di Prampero and his co-workers carried out since the 1970s. This paper is devoted to examine how this body of work helped to improve our understanding of this fascinating mode of locomotion.
Indexed as
Identifiers
20428884What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.