ArticlePloS one2010
Abundant lipid and protein components of drusen.
Article in PloS one, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 235 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
235 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: an umbrella analysis of systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of mass spectrometry proteomics applied to ocular fluids to assess potential biomarkers of age-related macular degeneration.BMC ophthalmology · 2023Pooled it
- Recent Advances in Proteomics-Based Approaches to Studying Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Understanding AMD by analogy: systematic review of lipid-related common pathogenic mechanisms in AMD, AD, AS and GN.Lipids in health and disease · 2018Pooled it
- HDL-cholesterol levels and risk of age-related macular degeneration: a multiethnic genetic study using Mendelian randomization.International journal of epidemiology · 2017Pooled it
- Systematic Analysis of Plasma-Derived Extracellular Vesicle-Enriched Samples in Age-Related Macular Degeneration Reveals Oxidative Stress Linked to Altered Lipid and Protein Profiles.Journal of extracellular biology · 2026Article
- Restoration of impaired lysosomal function mitigates drusen-like deposit formation and cell death in Malattia Leventinese.JCI insight · 2026Article
- AAV NRF2 gene therapy preserves retinal structure and function in rodent models of oxidative damage.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026Article
- PCSK9 Inhibitor Use and the Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Patients with Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Differential Effects of Retinal Fatty Acids Under Oxidative Stress Reveal DHA's Susceptibility to Ferroptosis and Polarity Disruption in iPSC Derived RPE Cells.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2026Article
- Changes in ApoE and TIMP-1 expression correlate with outer blood-retinal barrier disruption in an in vitro model of retinal aging.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Retinal phenotype of APOB100 transgenic mice on a Western diet with human-like hyperlipidemia and cholesterol crystals in the retina and choroid.Lab animal · 2026Article
- CR2-fH, A Targeted Inhibitor of Alternative Complement Pathway Reduces Dry AMD-Like Phenotype in AMD Patient iPSC-derived RPE Cells.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- The roles of glycerophospholipids in the aging retina and age-related macular degeneration.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Review
- DAPL1 is activated by Np63 and GRα and regulates lipid metabolism.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Article
- The role of NLRP3 inflammasome in age-related macular degeneration: mechanisms and therapeutic prospects.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Review
- A new perspective on AMD pathogenesis: a sequential Factor H-centered view of complement dysregulation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Granzyme B from mast cells contributes to choroidal neovascularization in a model of wet age-related macular degeneration.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Integrative Landscape of Dry AMD Pathogenesis, Models, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Association between systemic complement levels and choroidal thickness in advanced non-neovascular age-related macular degeneration.Scientific reports · 2025Article
175 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDrusen are extracellular lesions characteristic of aging and age-related maculopathy, a major retinal disease of the elderly. We determined the relative proportions of lipids and proteins in drusen capped with retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and in RPE isolated from non-macular regions of 36 human retinas with grossly normal maculas obtained <6 hr after death. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL
findingsDruse pellets were examined by light and electron microscopy. Component proteins were extracted using novel methods for preserved tissues, separated, subjected to tryptic digestion and LC-MS(MS)(2) analysis using an ion trap mass spectrometer, and identified with reference to databases. Lipid classes were separated using thin layer chromatography and quantified by densitometry. Major druse components were esterified cholesterol (EC), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and protein (37.5+/-13.7, 36.9+/-12.9, and 43.0+/-11.5 ng/druse, respectively). Lipid-containing particles (median diameter, 77 nm) occupied 37-44% of druse volume. Major proteins include vitronectin, complement component 9, apoE, and clusterin, previously seen in drusen, and ATP synthase subunit beta, scavenger receptor B2, and retinol dehydrogenase 5, previously seen in RPE. Drusen and RPE had similar protein profiles, with higher intensities and greater variability in drusen. C8, part of the complement membrane attack complex, was localized in drusen by immunofluorescence. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: At least 40% of druse content is comprised by lipids dominated by EC and PC, 2 components that are potentially accounted for by just one pathway, the secretion of lipoproteins by RPE. Manipulating genes encoding apolipoprotein pathways would be a fruitful approach to producing drusen with high EC content in laboratory animals. Therapies that directly mitigate drusen should prepare for the substantial volume of neutral lipids. The catalog of major druse proteins is nearing completion.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.