ArticleClinical and experimental immunology2010
99th Dahlem conference on infection, inflammation and chronic inflammatory disorders: darwinian medicine and the 'hygiene' or 'old friends' hypothesis.
Article in Clinical and experimental immunology, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 145 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
145 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 329 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Impact of fermented foods consumption on gastrointestinal wellbeing in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Microbiome and pediatric leukemia, diabetes, and allergies: Systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- Dietary Polyphenols-Important Non-Nutrients in the Prevention of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases. A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2019Pooled it
- Rethinking "probiotics".Gut microbesPooled it
- Urban soilUrban forestry & urban greening · 2026Article
- The Gut-Lung Axis in Allergic Asthma: A Narrative Review of Microbial Dysbiosis, Immune Regulation, and Nutritional Modulation.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Unearthing roundworms: Nematodes as determinants of human health.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Review
- Association of live microbes intake and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer-related mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease.Renal failure · 2025Article
- Buried Treasure? Overlooked and Newly Discovered Evolutionary Contributions to Human Brain Diseases.Annals of neurology · 2025Review
- Association of dietary live microbe intake with testosterone level in adult men: evidence from a national population-based study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Association between Dietary Live Microbe Intake and Periodontitis in Adults: Evidence from NHANES.Oral health & preventive dentistry · 2025Article
- Effects of post-adulthood environmental hygiene improvement on gut microbiota and immune tolerance in mice.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Regulatory T-Cells During Pregnancy Relate to Women's Own Childhood History of Microbial Exposure.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2025Article
- Saturated fat in an evolutionary context.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Review
- Effect of dietary probiotics intake on cancer mortality: a cohort study of NHANES 1999-2018.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Higher estimated dietary intake of live microbes is associated with lower mortality in US adults.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Self or nonself: end of a dogma?Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Critical insights on fungal contamination in schools: a comprehensive review of assessment methods.Frontiers in public health · 2025Review
- Higher dietary live microbe intake is linked to reduced risk of metabolic syndrome and mortality: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
85 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The current synthesis of the 'hygiene hypothesis' suggests that the recent increase in chronic inflammatory disorders is at least partly attributable to immunodysregulation resulting from lack of exposure to microorganisms that have evolved an essential role in the establishment of the immune system. This document provides a background for discussion of the following propositions. 1. The essential role of these organisms is an example of 'evolved dependence'. 2. The most relevant organisms are those that co-evolved with mammals, and already accompanied early hominids in the Paleolithic. 3. More recently evolved 'childhood infections' are not likely to have evolved this role, and recent epidemiology supports this contention. 4. This mechanism is interacting with other modern environmental changes that also lead to enhanced inflammatory responses [inappropriate diet, obesity, psychological stress, vitamin D deficiency, pollution (dioxins), etc.]. 5. The range of chronic inflammatory disorders that is affected is potentially larger than usually assumed [allergies, autoimmunity, inflammatory bowel disease, but also vascular disease, some cancers, depression/anxiety (when accompanied by raised inflammatory cytokines), and perhaps neurodegenerative disorders and type 2 diabetes].
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.