ArticleJournal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry2010
Sex and age differences in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and diagnoses: implications for DSM-V and ICD-11.
Article in Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 232 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
232 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Prevalence of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in India: a systematic review and a cross-sectional study among young adults in Delhi-NCR.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2025Pooled it
- Sex differences in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a literature review.Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of mental disorders among children and adolescents in Europe.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Loneliness in Young People with ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of attention disorders · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Stepping up to COVID-19: A Clinical Trial of a Telepsychology Positive Parenting Program Targeting Behavior Problems in Children With Neurological Risk.Journal of pediatric psychology · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Orbitofrontal and Medial Frontal Gray Matter Volumes Are Associated With Hyperactivity Traits in 2548 Nonclinical Adults.Human brain mapping · 2026Article
- Disparities in treatment initiation following diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Review
- Sex Bias in the Clinical Diagnosis of ADHD: A Critical Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Analysis of electroencephalogram microstates and spectral power in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Gender Gaps in School Grades: Resistance Behavior and Class Compositions in England, Germany, The Netherlands, and Sweden.Journal of youth and adolescence · 2026Article
- Use of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Medication Among Danish Children and Adolescents From 2010 to 2023.Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica · 2026Article
- Shared and disorder-specific prenatal and perinatal risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders: a nationwide cohort study.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Regional sex differences in human cortical anatomy vary in their morphometric bases and overlap with sex chromosomal and gonadal influences.Nature communications · 2026Article
- From Developmental Timing to Clinical Visibility: An Integrative Narrative Review of Sex-Related Neurocognitive Development.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Effects of Maternal Obesity on Fetal Cerebral Glucose Transporter Expression.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- A "personality test" for rats reveals subtle but distinct effects of sex and early life inflammation on brain and behavior.Behavioral neuroscience · 2026Article
- Sex-Based Differences in Clinical and Social Outcomes in Qatari Youth with ADHD.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Article
- Relationships Between Anxiety, Attention, and Reading Performance in Children.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Article
172 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo examine gender and age differences in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom endorsement in a large community-based sample.
methodFamilies with four or more full siblings ascertained from Missouri birth records completed telephone interviews regarding lifetime DSM-IV ADHD symptoms and the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD-Symptoms and Normal-behavior (SWAN) questionnaire for current ADHD symptoms. Complete data were available for 9,380 subjects aged 7 through 29 years. Lifetime and current DSM-IV-like ADHD diagnoses were assigned by the DSM-IV symptom criteria. Linear regression was used to examine sex and age effects on SWAN ADHD symptom scores. Logistic regression was used to examine sex and age effects on specific ADHD diagnoses. Fractional polynomial graphs were used to examine ADHD symptom count variations across age.
resultsOverall prevalence of current DSM-IV-like ADHD was 9.2% with a male:female ratio of 2.28:1. The prevalence of DSM-IV-like ADHD was highest in children. Gender differences in DSM-IV-like ADHD subtype prevalences were highest in adolescents. On average, individuals with lifetime DSM-IV-like ADHD diagnoses had elevated current ADHD symptoms even as adolescents or adults.
conclusionsLower male:female ratios than reported in some clinic-based studies suggest that females are underdiagnosed in the community. Although they may no longer meet the full symptom criteria, young adults with a history of lifetime DSM-IV-like ADHD maintain higher levels of ADHD symptoms compared with the general population. The use of age-specific diagnostic criteria should be considered for DSM-V and ICD-11.
Indexed as
Identifiers
20410711PMC3101894What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.