ArticleMolecular biology and evolution2010
Adaptation and constraint at Toll-like receptors in primates.
Article in Molecular biology and evolution, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 88 papers.
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Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 175 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Divergent cis-regulatory haplotypes at Tlr2 are associated with immune responsiveness.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Evolutionary Complexity of Primate Immune System Uncovered by the Extensive Phylogenomic Sampling.Genome biology and evolution · 2026Article
- New Insights Into the Evolution of Immune Adaptors in Murid Rodents.Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
- Taxonomic variation in immune response strategies among primates.Genes and immunity · 2025Review
- Positive Selection on Mammalian Immune Genes-Effects of Gene Function and Selective Constraint.Molecular biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Positive Selection of TLR2 and MyD88 Genes Provides Insights Into the Molecular Basis of Immunological Adaptation in Amphibians.Ecology and evolution · 2024Article
- Diversity of selected toll-like receptor genes in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) and African leopards (Panthera pardus pardus).Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Bivalves Present the Largest and Most Diversified Repertoire of Toll-Like Receptors in the Animal Kingdom, Suggesting Broad-Spectrum Pathogen Recognition in Marine Waters.Molecular biology and evolution · 2023Article
- Genomic Evidence for the Nonpathogenic State in HIV-1-Infected Northern Pig-Tailed Macaques.Molecular biology and evolution · 2023Article
- Evolutionary Impacts of Pattern Recognition Receptor Genes on Carnivora Complex Habitat Stress Adaptation.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Article
- Host control and the evolution of cooperation in host microbiomes.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Adaptation and Cryptic Pseudogenization in Penguin Toll-Like Receptors.Molecular biology and evolution · 2022Article
- Positive natural selection in primate genes of the type I interferon response.BMC ecology and evolution · 2021Article
- Primate innate immune responses to bacterial and viral pathogens reveals an evolutionary trade-off between strength and specificity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Divergence in Coding Sequence and Expression of Different Functional Categories of Immune Genes between Two Wild Rodent Species.Genome biology and evolution · 2021Article
- TLR4 and TLR8 variability in Amazonian and West Indian manatee species from Brazil.Genetics and molecular biology · 2021Article
- TLR5 Supports Development of Placental Labyrinthine Zone in Mice.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Article
- Habitat fragmentation differentially shapes neutral and immune gene variation in a tropical bird species.Heredity · 2021Article
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Frequent positive selection is a hallmark of genes involved in the adaptive immune system of vertebrates, but the incidence of positive selection for genes underlying innate immunity in vertebrates has not been well studied. The toll-like receptors (TLRs) of the innate immune system represent the first line of defense against pathogens. TLRs lie directly at the host-environment interface, and they target microbial molecules. Because of this, they might be subject to frequent positive selection due to coevolutionary dynamics with their microbial counterparts. However, they also recognize conserved molecular motifs, and this might constrain their evolution. Here, we investigate the evolution of the ten human TLRs in the framework of these competing ideas. We studied rates of protein evolution among primate species and we analyzed patterns of polymorphism in humans and chimpanzees. This provides a window into TLR evolution at both long and short timescales. We found a clear signature of positive selection in the rates of substitution across primates in most TLRs. Some of the implicated sites fall in structurally important protein domains, involve radical amino acid changes, or overlap with polymorphisms with known clinical associations in humans. However, within species, patterns of nucleotide variation were generally compatible with purifying selection, and these patterns differed between humans and chimpanzees and between viral and nonviral TLRs. Thus, adaptive evolution at TLRs does not appear to reflect a constant turnover of alleles and instead might be more episodic in nature. This pattern is consistent with more ephemeral pathogen-host associations rather than with long-term coevolution.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.