ArticleEnvironmental research2010
Blood cadmium levels in women of childbearing age vary by race/ethnicity.
Article in Environmental research, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effects of cadmium and high fructose diet on metabolic and reproductive health in female CD-1 mice.Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association · 2025Article
- Environmental Toxicants in the Hispanic Community Epigenetically Contributing to Preeclampsia.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2025Review
- Maternal pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity, in-utero exposure to toxic heavy metals, and offspring age at peak height velocity: A prospective birth cohort study.Environmental research · 2025Article
- A Prospective Ultrasound Study of Whole Blood Metals and Incidence of Uterine Leiomyomata.Environmental health perspectives · 2025Article
- Exposure to Environmental Chemicals and Infertility Among US Reproductive-Aged Women.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Epigenetic Responses to Nonchemical Stressors: Potential Molecular Links to Perinatal Health Outcomes.Current environmental health reports · 2024Review
- Prenatal metal concentrations and physical abnormalities in the Japan Environment and Children's Study.Pediatric research · 2024Article
- Race and Gender Differences in the Associations Between Cadmium Exposure and Bone Mineral Density in US Adults.Biological trace element research · 2023Article
- Prenatal Cadmium Exposure and Maternal Sex Steroid Hormone Concentrations across Pregnancy.Toxics · 2023Article
- Contaminant Metals as Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2023Article
- Protective role of the placental efflux transporter BCRP/ABCG2 in the relationship between prenatal cadmium exposure, placenta weight, and size at birth.Environmental research · 2023Article
- Current Levels of Environmental Exposure to Cadmium in Industrialized Countries as a Risk Factor for Kidney Damage in the General Population: A Comprehensive Review of Available Data.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Non-essential and essential trace element mixtures and kidney function in early pregnancy - A cross-sectional analysis in project viva.Environmental research · 2023Article
- Racial/ethnic and neighborhood disparities in metals exposure during pregnancy in the Northeastern United States.The Science of the total environment · 2022Article
- Increased Urinary Cadmium Levels in Foreign-Born Asian Women-An NHANES Study of 9639 U.S. Participants.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Racial disparities in liver cancer: Evidence for a role of environmental contaminants and the epigenome.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Review
- The Risk Factors of Blood Cadmium Elevation in Chronic Kidney Disease.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Associations between blood cadmium and endocrine features related to PCOS-phenotypes in healthy women of reproductive age: a prospective cohort study.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2021Article
- Gestational Cd Exposure in the CD-1 Mouse Induces Sex-Specific Hepatic Insulin Insensitivity, Obesity, and Metabolic Syndrome in Adult Female Offspring.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2020Article
- Association of Blood Cadmium with Cardiovascular Disease in Korea: From the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2013 and 2016.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The heavy metal cadmium (Cd) is long-lived in the body and low-level cumulative exposure, even among non-smokers, has been associated with changes in renal function and bone metabolism. Women are more susceptible to the adverse effects of Cd and have higher body burdens. Due to increased dietary absorption of Cd in menstruating women and the long half-life of the metal, reproductive age exposures are likely important contributors to overall body burden and disease risk. We examined blood Cd levels in women of reproductive age in the US and assessed variation by race/ethnicity. Blood Cd concentrations were compared among female NHANES participants aged 20-44, who were neither pregnant nor breastfeeding. Sample size varied primarily based on inclusion/exclusion of smokers (n=1734-3121). Mean Cd concentrations, distributions and odds ratios were calculated using SUDAAN. For logistic regression Cd was modeled as high (the upper 10% of the distribution) vs. the remainder. Overall, Mexican Americans had lower Cd levels than other groups due to a lower smoking prevalence, smoking being an important source of exposure. Among never-smokers, Mexican Americans had 1.77 (95% CI: 1.06-2.96) times the odds of high Cd as compared to non-Hispanic Whites after controlling for age and low iron (ferritin). For non-Hispanic Blacks, the odds were 2.96 (CI: 1.96-4.47) times those of non-Hispanic Whites in adjusted models. Adjustment for relevant reproductive factors or exposure to environmental tobacco smoke had no effect. In this nationally representative sample, non-smoking Mexican American and non-Hispanic Black women were more likely to have high Cd than non-Hispanic White women. Additional research is required to determine the underlying causes of these differences.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.