ReviewSurvey of ophthalmology
Immunopathogenesis of thyroid eye disease: emerging paradigms.
Review in Survey of ophthalmology. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 120 citations in OpenAlex.
- Improvement of asymmetric thyroid eye disease with teprotumumab.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2022Trial
- Brain network alterations in autoimmune diseases: Current status and future prospects.iScience · 2026Review
- Mouse Model of Graves' Orbitopathy in Current Research and Future Perspectives.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Orbital MRI and clinical activity score for predicting steroid treatment response in moderate-to-severe Graves' orbitopathy.Endocrine · 2025Article
- Integrative analysis identifies shared therapeutic pathways in thyroid eye disease and diabetes mellitus.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Targeting the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor to Attenuate IGF1R Signaling in Thyroid Eye Disease.Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association · 2025Article
- Prognostic factors for thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin normalization in moderate-to-severe Graves' orbitopathy: a 36-month longitudinal study.BMC ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Efficacy of tocilizumab in patients with moderate-to-severe corticosteroid-resistant thyroid eye disease: a prospective study.International ophthalmology · 2024Article
- The insular cortex is not insular in thyroid eye disease: neuroimaging revelations of central-peripheral system interaction.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Factors related to steroid treatment responsiveness in thyroid eye disease patients and application of SHAP for feature analysis with XGBoost.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Differentially expressed genes in orbital adipose/connective tissue of thyroid-associated orbitopathy.PeerJ · 2023Article
- Rituximab in the treatment of Graves' orbitopathy: latest updates and perspectives.Endocrine connections · 2022Review
- Long-term outcomes in corticosteroid-refractory Graves' orbitopathy treated with tocilizumab.Clinical endocrinology · 2022Observational
- Teprotumumab and the Evolving Therapeutic Landscape in Thyroid Eye Disease.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2022Review
- Neural network-based method for diagnosis and severity assessment of Graves' orbitopathy using orbital computed tomography.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Update on thyroid eye disease: Regional variations in prevalence, diagnosis, and management.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2022Review
- Longitudinal association of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin levels with clinical characteristics in thyroid eye disease.BMJ open · 2022Observational
- Tocilizumab use in pediatric thyroid eye disease: First documented case.American journal of ophthalmology case reports · 2022Article
- Article
- Is Estrogen a Missing Culprit in Thyroid Eye Disease? Sex Steroid Hormone Homeostasis Is Key to Other Fibrogenic Autoimmune Diseases - Why Not This One?Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Graves disease represents a systemic autoimmune process targeting the thyroid, orbit, and pretibial skin. The thyroid dysfunction is treatable, but no consistently effective medical therapy has yet been described for the orbital manifestations of Graves disease, also known as thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy or thyroid eye disease. Several autoantigens are potentially relevant to the pathogenesis of thyroid eye disease. Activating antibodies generated against the thyrotropin receptor can be detected in a majority of patients, and these drive hyperthyroidism. However, stimulating antibodies against the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) may also play a role in the extra-thyroid manifestations of Graves disease. IGF-1R is overexpressed by orbital fibroblasts derived from patients with thyroid eye disease, whereas IGF-1R(+) T and IGF-1R(+) B cells are considerably more frequent in Graves disease. Actions of several cytokines and the molecular interplay peculiar to the orbit appear to provoke the inflammation, fat expansion, and deposition of excessive extracellular matrix molecules in thyroid eye disease. Based upon these new insights, several therapeutic strategies can now be proposed that, for the first time, might specifically interrupt its pathogenesis.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.