ArticleVeterinary research
Interferon-gamma, interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 production by T helper cells reveals intact Th1 and regulatory TR1 cell activation and a delay of the Th2 cell response in equine neonates and foals.
Article in Veterinary research. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Horses From Northern and Eastern China: Investigation of Associated Risk Factors and Assessment of Zoonotic Potential.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Article
- The predictive ability of blood-based biomarkers to detect bacteremia in hospitalized neonatal foals.Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997) · 2025Article
- Impact of the host immune response on the development of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in horses.The Journal of general virology · 2024Article
- The mammosphere-derived epithelial cell secretome modulates neutrophil functions in the bovine model.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Effectiveness of immunization with multi-component bacterial immunomodulator in foals at 35th day of life.Scientific reports · 2022Article
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- An Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 (EHV-1) Ab4 Open Reading Frame 2 Deletion Mutant Provides Immunity and Protection from EHV-1 Infection and Disease.Journal of virology · 2019Article
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- Moderate Exercise Enhances the Production of Interferon-γ and Interleukin-12 in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells.Immune network · 2017Article
- Peripheral inflammatory cytokines and immune balance in Generalised Anxiety Disorder: Case-controlled study.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2017Article
- Article
- Humoral and cell-mediated immune response, and growth factor synthesis after direct intraarticular injection of rAAV2-IGF-I and rAAV5-IGF-I in the equine middle carpal joint.Human gene therapy · 2015Article
- Flavonoid Glycosides of Polygonum capitatum Protect against Inflammation Associated with Helicobacter pylori Infection.PloS one · 2015Article
- Regulatory T cells in early life: comparative study of CD4+CD25high T cells from foals and adult horses.PloS one · 2015Article
- Immunological correlates of vaccination and infection for equine herpesvirus 1.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2012Article
- Equine neonates have attenuated humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to a killed adjuvanted vaccine compared to adult horses.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2010Article
- The immunopathology of sepsis: pathogen recognition, systemic inflammation, the compensatory anti-inflammatory response, and regulatory T cells.Journal of veterinary internal medicineReview
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cytokines produced by T helper (Th) cells are important in orchestrating the immune response during health and disease. Recent reports indicated that cytokine mRNA expression in foals is often quantitatively lower than that of adult horses suggesting that foal T cells are not fully mature. Here, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from foals and adult horses were stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and analyzed for intracellular interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10 production, representing the Th1, Th2 and regulatory TR1 cell phenotypes respectively, by flow cytometry. In agreement with previous reports, all three cytokines were quantitatively reduced in foals compared to adults. However, the balance between Th1 and Th2 cytokines (IFN-gamma/IL-4 ratio) showed a clear Th1-biased response in foals by 6 and 12 weeks of life, while similar IFN-gamma/IL-10 ratios were found in foals and adult horses. By day 5 after birth, intracellular IFN-gamma production by foal CD4+ and CD8+ T cells resembled that in adults. Overall, IL-4 production was low in foals. IL-4+ cells peaked at day 5 of age when IL-4 was mainly produced by IgE+ cells. Relative percentages of IL-4+ Th2 cells were significantly lower in foals at all time points. The data suggested that equine neonates and young foals have an impaired Th2 response, that the immune response of foals is Th1 biased, that IFN-gamma production by Th and cytotoxic T cells is qualitatively similar to adult horses, and regulatory IL-10 production by T cells is developmentally mature in foals during the first three months of life.
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