ArticleEnvironmental health perspectives2010
Low levels of the herbicide atrazine alter sex ratios and reduce metamorphic success in Rana pipiens tadpoles raised in outdoor mesocosms.
Article in Environmental health perspectives, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 86 citations in OpenAlex.
- Patterns of Local Adaptation in the Northern Leopard Frog (Evolutionary applications · 2026Article
- The Individual and Combined Effects of Warming and Atrazine on Lithobates pipiens Phenotypes: Implications for Frog Declines.Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Evaluating pharmaceuticals and other organic contaminants in the Lac du Flambeau Chain of Lakes using risk-based screening techniques.PloS one · 2023Article
- Biomarker analysis of American toad (Anaxyrus americanus) and grey tree frog (Hyla versicolor) tadpoles following exposure to atrazine.Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2017Article
- Clover root exudate produces male-biased sex ratios and accelerates male metamorphic timing in wood frogs.Royal Society open science · 2015Article
- Suburbanization, estrogen contamination, and sex ratio in wild amphibian populations.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2015Article
- The spring runoff in Nebraska's (USA) Elkhorn River watershed and its impact on two sentinel organisms.Environmental toxicology and chemistry · 2013Article
- Efficient induction of spawning of northern leopard frogs (Lithobates pipiens) during and outside the natural breeding season.Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E · 2013Article
- Investigating the impact of chronic atrazine exposure on sexual development in zebrafish.Birth defects research. Part B, Developmental and reproductive toxicology · 2012Article
- Hormones and endocrine-disrupting chemicals: low-dose effects and nonmonotonic dose responses.Endocrine reviews · 2012Review
- The metamorphosis of amphibian toxicogenomics.Frontiers in genetics · 2012Article
- Demasculinization and feminization of male gonads by atrazine: consistent effects across vertebrate classes.The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology · 2011Review
- Still present after all these years: persistence plus potential toxicity raise questions about the use of atrazine.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2011Article
- The cause of global amphibian declines: a developmental endocrinologist's perspective.The Journal of experimental biology · 2010Article
- Atrazine induces complete feminization and chemical castration in male African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis).Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2010Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThere are conflicting reports regarding the effects of atrazine (ATZ) on amphibian development. Therefore, further studies are needed to examine the potential mechanisms of action of ATZ in amphibians.
objectivesOur aim in this study was to determine whether low concentrations of ATZ affect gonadal development and metamorphosis in the Northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens.
methodsTadpoles were exposed in outdoor mesocosms to nominal concentrations of 0.1 and 1.8 microg/L of formulated ATZ from Gosner stage 27 (G27) to metamorphic climax (G42). Exposure to 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2; 1.5 microg/L) provided a positive control for induction of testicular oocytes in males. Endocrine-related gene expression and gonadal histopathology were examined at G42 and in a subset of premetamorphic G34 tadpoles that failed to metamorphose.
resultsGonadal gross morphology revealed that the 1.8-microg/L ATZ treatment produced 20% more females compared with the control. Histologic analysis revealed that 22% of EE2-treated males had testicular oocytes, whereas none were observed in any animals from the control or either ATZ groups. ATZ increased brain estrogen receptor alpha mRNA to 2.5 times that of the control at premetamorphosis and altered liver levels of 5beta-reductase activity at metamorphosis. In contrast, brain aromatase mRNA level and activity did not change. ATZ treatments significantly reduced metamorphic success (number of animals reaching metamorphosis) without affecting body weight, snout-vent length, or age at metamorphosis. Gene expression analysis indicated that ATZ decreased the expression of deiodinase type 3 in the tail at premetamorphosis.
conclusionsOur study indicates that exposure to low concentrations of ATZ in experimental mesocosms alters gonadal differentiation and metamorphosis in developing R. pipiens.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.