ArticlePLoS pathogens2010
Rapid evolution of pandemic noroviruses of the GII.4 lineage.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 165 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
165 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 298 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global prevalence of norovirus in cases of gastroenteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2014Pooled it
- Broad blockade antibody responses in human volunteers after immunization with a multivalent norovirus VLP candidate vaccine: immunological analyses from a phase I clinical trial.PLoS medicine · 2015Trial
- Norovirus vaccine against experimental human Norwalk Virus illness.The New England journal of medicine · 2011Trial
- Small Epidemic Outbreak of Norovirus in the Pediatric Department of Brescia Civic Hospital (Northern Italy): Genomic Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2026Article
- Norovirus-specific monoclonal antibodies that block histo-blood group antigen binding isolated from healthy donors.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Article
- Evaluation of ultraviolet irradiation at 254 nm and 222 nm in inactivating human noroviruses on surfaces.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Molecular evolution and diversity of the norovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- GII.17 norovirus re-emerged in the 2020s as a result of dynamic and adaptive evolutionary processes.Nature communications · 2025Article
- The saga to monitor and control norovirus: the rise of GII.17.The Journal of general virology · 2025Review
- A general and biomedical perspective of viral quasispecies.RNA (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Review
- Article
- Foodborne acute gastroenteritis outbreak associated with a rare norovirus recombinant GII.10[P16] genotype, Brazil, 2023.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2025Article
- Detection of IgG antibody against the porcine norovirus GII.11 in human, domestic and wild animals.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Genetic diversity of norovirus in Shenzhen Based on continuous surveillance from 2016 to 2022.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Development of an intestinal mucosaJournal of virology · 2024Article
- Noroviruses: Evolutionary Dynamics, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine Advances-A Comprehensive Review.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Predominance of Recombinant Norovirus Strains in Greece, 2016-2018.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- Norovirus-Associated Gastroenteritis Vesikari Score and Pre-Existing Salivary IgA in Young Children from Rural South Africa.Viruses · 2023Article
- Article
105 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issuedWhite, Peter A [added]
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Over the last fifteen years there have been five pandemics of norovirus (NoV) associated gastroenteritis, and the period of stasis between each pandemic has been progressively shortening. NoV is classified into five genogroups, which can be further classified into 25 or more different human NoV genotypes; however, only one, genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4), is associated with pandemics. Hence, GII.4 viruses have both a higher frequency in the host population and greater epidemiological fitness. The aim of this study was to investigate if the accuracy and rate of replication are contributing to the increased epidemiological fitness of the GII.4 strains. The replication and mutation rates were determined using in vitro RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) assays, and rates of evolution were determined by bioinformatics. GII.4 strains were compared to the second most reported genotype, recombinant GII.b/GII.3, the rarely detected GII.3 and GII.7 and as a control, hepatitis C virus (HCV). The predominant GII.4 strains had a higher mutation rate and rate of evolution compared to the less frequently detected GII.b, GII.3 and GII.7 strains. Furthermore, the GII.4 lineage had on average a 1.7-fold higher rate of evolution within the capsid sequence and a greater number of non-synonymous changes compared to other NoVs, supporting the theory that it is undergoing antigenic drift at a faster rate. Interestingly, the non-synonymous mutations for all three NoV genotypes were localised to common structural residues in the capsid, indicating that these sites are likely to be under immune selection. This study supports the hypothesis that the ability of the virus to generate genetic diversity is vital for viral fitness.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.