ArticleThe EMBO journal2010
Viral apoptosis is induced by IRF-3-mediated activation of Bax.
Article in The EMBO journal, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 183 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
183 citing papers in PubMed, 267 citations in OpenAlex.
- The cGAS-STING/MITA pathway in innate antiviral immunity and beyond.Cell insight · 2026Review
- The Role of Inflammation and Immunity in Cardiovascular Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets.MedComm · 2026Review
- Noncanonical IRF3 function mediates STING-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages.EMBO reports · 2026Article
- Methyltransferase SETD7 as a Regulator of STING-Dependent Cytokine Response in Lung Cancer Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Marine Bromophenol Derivatives as a Novel Class of Potent Small-Molecule STING Agonists.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Interferon regulatory factors: the next prospective targets for tissue ischemia-reperfusion injury?Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Porcine cGAS-STING signalling induced apoptosis negatively regulates STING downstream IFN response and autophagy via different mechanisms.Virulence · 2025Article
- Article
- Breaking barriers: The cGAS-STING pathway as a novel frontier in cancer immunotherapy.Cancer communications (London, England) · 2025Review
- Beyond interferons: Non-canonical roles of MITA/STING.Cell insight · 2025Review
- IRF3 in viral infections: more than just triggering the interferon response.Genes and immunity · 2025Review
- LncRNA BACE1-AS delays the propagation ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Phosphorylated IRF3 promotes GSDME-mediated pyroptosis through RIPK1/FADD/caspase-8 complex formation during mitotic arrest in ovarian cancer.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Article
- Emerging role of the cGAS-STING pathway in cardiovascular diseases: biologic function, mechanisms and targeted therapy.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Review
- Myocardial mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein promotes heart Ischemia-reperfusion injury via RIG-I signaling in mice.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Unveiling the crossroads of STING signaling pathway and metabolic reprogramming: the multifaceted role of the STING in the TME and new prospects in cancer therapies.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Review
- Synthetic RIG-I-Agonist RNA Induces Death of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells.Journal of interferon & cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research · 2025Article
- Quercetin-3-Methyl Ether Induces Early Apoptosis to Overcome HRV1B Immune Evasion, Suppress Viral Replication, and Mitigate Inflammatory Pathogenesis.Biomolecules & therapeutics · 2025Article
- Chicken GSDME, a major pore-forming molecule responsible for RNA virus-induced pyroptosis in chicken.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Crosstalk Between Cell Death and the cGAS-STING Pathway in Sepsis-Associated Acute Lung Injury.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Review
123 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Upon infection with many RNA viruses, the cytoplasmic retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) pathway activates the latent transcription factor IRF-3, causing its nuclear translocation and the induction of many antiviral genes, including those encoding interferons. Here, we report a novel and distinct activity of IRF-3, in virus-infected cells, that induces apoptosis. Using genetically defective mouse and human cell lines, we demonstrated that, although both pathways required the presence of RIG-I, IPS1, TRAF3 and TBK1, only the apoptotic pathway required the presence of TRAF2 and TRAF6 in addition. More importantly, transcriptionally inactive IRF-3 mutants, such as the one missing its DNA-binding domain, could efficiently mediate apoptosis. Apoptosis was triggered by the direct interaction of IRF-3, through a newly identified BH3 domain, with the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, their co-translocation to the mitochondria and the resulting activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Thus, IRF-3 is a dual-action cytoplasmic protein that, upon activation, translocates to the nucleus or to the mitochondrion and triggers two complementary antiviral responses of the infected cell.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.