ArticleJournal of the American Dietetic Association2010
Prospective association between milk intake and adiposity in preschool-aged children.
Article in Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
- Measurement of screen time among young children aged 0-6 years: A systematic review.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2021Pooled it
- Whole-Fat or Reduced-Fat Dairy Product Intake, Adiposity, and Cardiometabolic Health in Children: A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2020Pooled it
- Whole milk compared with reduced-fat milk and childhood overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2020Pooled it
- Long-term association between dairy consumption and risk of childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2016Pooled it
- Association of cow's milk intake in early childhood with adiposity and cardiometabolic risk in early adolescence.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2022Trial
- Does milk matter: Is children's intake affected by the type or amount of milk served at a meal?Appetite · 2016Trial
- Associations of home food availability, dietary intake, screen time and physical activity with BMI in young American-Indian children.Public health nutrition · 2013Trial
- Exploring the Role of Dairy Consumption on the Growth and Development of Canadian Children: Protocol for a Longitudinal Mixed Method Research.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- SHAP-enhanced machine learning identifies modifiable obesity predictors across adolescent weight groups: A 2021 YRBSS analysis.PloS one · 2025Article
- Association of waist circumference with blood pressure and familial dietary habits in preschool children: a cross-sectional study in northeastern China.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2022Article
- Associations between Frequency of Dairy Intake with Body Composition and Excess Adiposity in Preschool Children from Poland.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Age of cow milk introduction and growth among 3-5-year-old children.Public health nutrition · 2021Article
- Is High Milk Intake Good for Children's Health? A National Population-Based Observational Cohort Study.Nutrients · 2021Observational
- Growth and Development of Preschool Children (12-60 Months): A Review of the Effect of Dairy Intake.Nutrients · 2020Review
- Association between milk intake and childhood growth: results from a nationwide cross-sectional survey.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2020Article
- Article
- A qualitative study to understand parent and physician perspectives about cow's milk fat for children.Public health nutrition · 2019Article
- Dietary fats and cardiometabolic disease: mechanisms and effects on risk factors and outcomes.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2019Review
- Association of dairy intake with weight change in adolescents undergoing obesity treatment.Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2019Observational
- A critical review of the role of milk and other dairy products in the development of obesity in children and adolescents.Nutrition research reviews · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo determine whether the quantity and type of milk (whole, reduced fat, or 1%/nonfat) consumed at age 2 years is associated with adiposity at age 3 years.
designWe assessed milk and dairy intake at age 2 years with food frequency questionnaires completed by mothers. Our primary outcomes were body mass index (BMI; calculated as kg/m(2)), z score and overweight at age 3 years, defined as BMI for age and sex >or=85th percentile. SUBJECTS/
settingEight-hundred and fifty-two preschool-aged children in the prospective US cohort Project Viva. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Linear and logistic regression models, adjusting for maternal BMI and education, paternal BMI, and child age, sex, race/ethnicity, intake of energy, nondairy beverages, television viewing, and BMI z score at age 2 years were used.
resultsAt age 2 years, mean milk intake was 2.6 (standard deviation 1.2) servings per day. Higher intake of whole milk at age 2, but not reduced-fat milk, was associated with a slightly lower BMI z score (-0.09 unit per daily serving [95% confidence interval: -0.16 to -0.01]) at age 3 years; when restricted to children with a normal BMI (5th to <85th percentile) at age 2 years, the association was null (-0.05 unit per daily serving [95% confidence interval: -0.13 to 0.02]). Intake of milk at age 2 years, whether full- or reduced-fat, was not associated with risk of incident overweight at age 3 years. Neither total milk nor total dairy intake at age 2 years was associated with BMI z score or incident overweight at age 3 years.
conclusionNeither consuming more dairy products, nor switching from whole milk to reduced-fat milk at age 2 years, appears likely to prevent overweight in early childhood.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.