ReviewCellular immunology2010
Cytolytic CD4 cells: Direct mediators in infectious disease and malignancy.
Review in Cellular immunology, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 86 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
86 citing papers in PubMed, 167 citations in OpenAlex.
- Functional, Antigen-Specific Stem Cell Memory (TFrontiers in immunology · 2018Trial
- Cytotoxic markers associate with protection against malaria in human volunteers immunized with Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2014Trial
- Depletion of CD8Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026Article
- CD151 identifies a cytotoxic CD4 T cell population enriched in people with HIV that later develop cancer.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Advanced Human Immune Cell-Organoid Co-Cultures for Functional Testing of Cancer Nanovaccines.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Cytotoxic CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Oligoclonal CD4Communications biology · 2024Article
- CTLs heterogeneity and plasticity: implications for cancer immunotherapy.Molecular cancer · 2024Review
- Single-Cell Analysis Identifies Distinct Populations of Cytotoxic CD4Journal of inflammation research · 2024Article
- CD4 T cells in chronic myeloid leukemia present MHC class II-dependent and IFN-γ-dependent cytotoxic capacity.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2023Article
- VEGF-A enhances the cytotoxic function of CD4Journal of translational medicine · 2023Article
- Cytotoxic CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Article
- CD4Aging and disease · 2022Article
- Regulation of CD4 T Cell Responses by the Transcription Factor Eomesodermin.Biomolecules · 2022Review
- Investigation of CD4 and CD8 T cell-mediated protection against influenza A virus in a cohort study.BMC medicine · 2022Article
- CD4Journal of virology · 2022Article
- Harnessing Antitumor CD4Cancers · 2022Review
- When Helpers Go Above and Beyond: Development and Characterization of Cytotoxic CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- CRISPR screening identifies T cell-intrinsic regulators of CD3-bispecific antibody responses.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
26 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
CD4 T cells have traditionally been regarded as helpers and regulators of adaptive immune responses; however, a novel role for CD4 T cells as direct mediators of protection against viral infections has emerged. CD4 T cells with cytolytic potential have been described for almost 40 years, but their role in host protection against infectious disease is only beginning to be realized. In this review, we describe the current literature identifying these cells in patients with various infections, mouse models of viral infection and our own work investigating the development of cytolytic CD4 cells in vivo and in vitro. CD4 CTL are no longer considered an artefact of cell culture and may play a physiological role in viral infections such as EBV, CMV, HIV and influenza. Therefore, vaccine strategies aimed at targeting CD4 CTL should be developed in conjunction with vaccines incorporating B cell and CD8 CTL epitopes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.