ArticlePharmaceutical research2010
Particle size influences the immune response produced by hepatitis B vaccine formulated in inhalable particles.
Article in Pharmaceutical research, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nanoparticle-Based Pulmonary Immune Engineering.Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering · 2025Review
- Nanotechnology in leukemia therapy: revolutionizing targeted drug delivery and immune modulation.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Formononetin-Loaded PLGA Large Porous Microparticles via Intratracheal Instillation for Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis Treatment.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Article
- Thiol-Michael Addition Microparticles: Their Synthesis, Characterization, and Uptake by Macrophages.ACS biomaterials science & engineering · 2023Article
- Immune Cells Activating Biotin-Decorated PLGA Protein Carrier.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- Mucosal vaccines and technology.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2019Review
- Lipid-Based Particles: Versatile Delivery Systems for Mucosal Vaccination against Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- Developments in the formulation and delivery of spray dried vaccines.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2017Review
- Veterinary vaccine nanotechnology: pulmonary and nasal delivery in livestock animals.Drug delivery and translational research · 2017Review
- Inhaled sildenafil as an alternative to oral sildenafil in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2017Article
- Inhalable oridonin-loaded poly(lactic-Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2017Article
- PLGA particulate delivery systems for subunit vaccines: Linking particle properties to immunogenicity.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2016Review
- Peptide/protein vaccine delivery system based on PLGA particles.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2016Review
- A Uniform Ultra-Small Microsphere/SAIB Hybrid Depot with Low Burst Release for Long-Term Continuous Drug Release.Pharmaceutical research · 2015Article
- Intraocular Implants for the Treatment of Autoimmune Uveitis.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2015Review
- Review
- Microparticles produced by the hydrogel template method for sustained drug delivery.International journal of pharmaceutics · 2014Article
- The expanding role of aerosols in systemic drug delivery, gene therapy and vaccination: an update.Translational respiratory medicine · 2014Review
- Comparative studies on chitosan and polylactic-co-glycolic acid incorporated nanoparticles of low molecular weight heparin.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2012Article
- Biomedical Applications of Biodegradable Polymers.Journal of polymer science. Part B, Polymer physics · 2011Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo test the hypothesis that particle size influences the magnitude of immune response produced by hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) encapsulated in poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres.
methodsMicrospheres were prepared by a double-emulsion-solvent-evaporation method, and the particles were characterized for size, morphology, porosity and antigen content. Immunogenicity of encapsulated antigen and safety were studied in rats. Uptake of fluorescent-labeled particles by rat alveolar macrophages was studied by confocal microscopy.
resultsWith increasing internal aqueous phase (IAP) volume of the microsphere, an increase in particle size and a decrease in particle density were observed. Particles with varying geometric diameters showed aerodynamic diameters between 1 and 6 mu. Addition of poly vinyl alcohol to the IAP resulted in particles with a porous surface. The integrity of HBsAg was maintained upon encapsulation in microspheres. Continuous release of the antigen was observed for formulations incubated in phosphate-buffered saline for 28 days. Immunogenicity increased as a function of particle size upon pulmonary administration. HBsAg encapsulated in approximately 5 mum particles elicited a significantly higher immune response compared to that encapsulated in approximately 12 mum particles. Similar to in vivo immune response data, fluorescent-labeled microspheres of smaller size were taken up more efficiently by rat alveolar macrophages compared to those of larger size. No significant increase in either tumor necrosis factor alpha level in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or wet lung weight, indicators of inflammation, was observed in rats that received optimized formulations via the pulmonary route.
conclusionsHBsAg delivered in PLGA microspheres elicited an increase in immunogenicity, and the magnitude of immune response was more pronounced with smaller particles. Inhalable particles of HBsAg could be a viable approach to needle-free vaccination.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.