ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2010
Identification of hepatoprotective flavonolignans from silymarin.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 115 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
115 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 309 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effects of silymarin consumption on inflammation and oxidative stress in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Inflammopharmacology · 2024Pooled it
- Silymarin in combination with hair follicle transplantation as a potential treatment for refractory vitiligo: A double-blind randomized controlled trial.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2024Trial
- Role of UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 in the Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of Silymarin Flavonolignans in Patients with HCV and NAFLD.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2017Trial
- Trial
- Rationale, challenges, and participants in a Phase II trial of a botanical product for chronic hepatitis C.Clinical trials (London, England) · 2012Trial
- Hepatic control of immunometabolism: implications for the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic diseases.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- Silymarin-loaded phytosomal nanoparticles mitigate dyslipidemia, oxidative damage, and hepatic injury in high-fat diet-induced metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in rats.BMC gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Taxifolin Inhibits Invasion and Endovascular Differentiation of Extravillous Trophoblast HTR-8/SVneo Cells.Cells · 2026Article
- Subchronic Cadmium-Induced Xenobiotic Toxicity in Male Wistar Rats: Antioxidant and Reproductive Protection by Standardized Silymarin with Molecular Docking Insights.Journal of xenobiotics · 2026Article
- Isosilybin B: a potential novel therapeutic agent with hepatoprotective, anticancer and antifibrotic properties.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Silybin inhibits succinate production and secretion in hepatocytes to reverse liver fibrosis.Archives of pharmacal research · 2025Article
- Novel Micellar Formulation of Silymarin (Milk Thistle) with Enhanced Bioavailability in a Double-Blind, Randomized, Crossover Human Trial.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Carbon Monoxide-Releasing Activity of Plant Flavonoids.Journal of agricultural and food chemistry · 2025Article
- Exploring the chemotypic variability ofFrontiers in plant science · 2025Article
- Nanoparticle-boosted silymarin: Are we overlooking taxifolin and other key components?Frontiers in plant science · 2025Article
- Looking beyond silybin: the importance of other silymarin flavonolignans.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Silybin restores glucose uptake after tumour necrosis factor-alpha and lipopolysaccharide stimulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.Adipocyte · 2024Article
- A Descriptive Review of the Antioxidant Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Berberine and Silymarin.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Chemical Standardization of Milk Thistle (Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · 2024Article
- Rifampin- and Silymarin-Mediated Pharmacokinetic Interactions of Exogenous and Endogenous Substrates in a Transgenic OATP1B Mouse Model.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2024Article
55 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Silymarin, also known as milk thistle extract, inhibits hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and also displays antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory actions that contribute to its hepatoprotective effects. In the current study, we evaluated the hepatoprotective actions of the seven major flavonolignans and one flavonoid that comprise silymarin. Activities tested included inhibition of: HCV cell culture infection, NS5B polymerase activity, TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB transcription, virus-induced oxidative stress, and T-cell proliferation. All compounds were well tolerated by Huh7 human hepatoma cells up to 80 muM, except for isosilybin B, which was toxic to cells above 10 muM. Select compounds had stronger hepatoprotective functions than silymarin in all assays tested except in T cell proliferation. Pure compounds inhibited JFH-1 NS5B polymerase but only at concentrations above 300 muM. Silymarin suppressed TNF-alpha activation of NF-kappaB dependent transcription, which involved partial inhibition of IkappaB and RelA/p65 serine phosphorylation, and p50 and p65 nuclear translocation, without affecting binding of p50 and p65 to DNA. All compounds blocked JFH-1 virus-induced oxidative stress, including compounds that lacked antiviral activity. The most potent compounds across multiple assays were taxifolin, isosilybin A, silybin A, silybin B, and silibinin, a mixture of silybin A and silybin B. The data suggest that silymarin- and silymarin-derived compounds may influence HCV disease course in some patients. Studies where standardized silymarin is dosed to identify specific clinical endpoints are urgently needed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.