ReviewNagoya journal of medical science2010
Uremic toxicity of indoxyl sulfate.
Review in Nagoya journal of medical science, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed, 136 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of probiotic supplementation on disease progression in patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- SYNbiotics Easing Renal failure by improving Gut microbiologY (SYNERGY): a protocol of placebo-controlled randomised cross-over trial.BMC nephrology · 2014Trial
- Supplementation withThe veterinary quarterly · 2026Article
- Analytical and clinical validation of a competitive ELISA for serum indoxyl sulfate and its clinical association with chronic kidney disease risk stratification.Renal failure · 2026Article
- The Toxic Filter: Chronic Kidney Disease Drives Neuro-Psychiatric Toxicity and Agitation in Sepsis Survivors Aged ≥ 90 Years: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using the National Database of Japan.Psychogeriatrics : the official journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society · 2026Article
- A spotlight on the inflammatory role of uremic toxins in the dysbiosis-CKD axis: a review.Journal of inflammation (London, England) · 2026Review
- Article
- pH regulates gut bacterial tryptophan metabolism.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Article
- Gut-Kidney Axis: Unraveling the Role of the Microbiome in Chronic Kidney Disease.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Lysophosphatidylcholines are associated with amyloidosis in early stages of Alzheimer's disease.Nature aging · 2026Article
- Differential metabolomic signatures in plasma and urine under mild and moderate hypothermia during cardiopulmonary bypass.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Cafeteria and Fast-Food Diets Induce Neuroinflammation, Social Deficits, but a Different Cardiometabolic Phenotype.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Investigation on the Detoxification of Indoxyl Sulfate (IS) and Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins (PBUTs) Using Trametes versicolor Biocompatible Laccase: In Situ Synchrotron Imaging, Experimental and Computational Studies.Applied biochemistry and biotechnology · 2025Article
- CKD patients comorbid with hypertension are associated with imbalanced gut microbiome.iScience · 2025Article
- The gut microbiota in thrombosis.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2025Review
- A gut pathobiont regulates circulating glycine and host metabolism in a twin study comparing vegan and omnivorous diets.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- The gut-heart axis: unveiling the roles of gut microbiota in cardiovascular diseases.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Review
- The Gut-Kidney Axis in Chronic Kidney Diseases.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Electrospun EVOH/AST-120 hybrid nanofiber membranes for removal of indoxyl sulfate from blood.RSC advances · 2024Article
- Replacement of Dietary Carbohydrate with Protein versus Fat Differentially Alters Postprandial Circulating Hormones and Macronutrient Metabolism in Dogs.Metabolites · 2024Article
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin, is accumulated in the serum of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. A part of the dietary protein-derived tryptophan is metabolized into indole by tryptophanase in intestinal bacteria. Indole is absorbed into the blood from the intestine, and is metabolized to indoxyl sulfate in the liver. Indoxyl sulfate is normally excreted into urine. In CKD, however, an inadequate renal clearance of indoxyl sulfate leads to its elevated serum levels. The oral adsorbent AST-120 reduces the serum levels of indoxyl sulfate by adsorbing indole in the intestines and stimulating its excretion into feces. I have proposed a protein metabolite theory by which endogenous protein metabolites such as indoxyl sulfate play a significant role in the progression of CKD. A progressive decline in the glomerular filtration rate leads to increased serum levels of endogenous protein metabolites such as indoxyl sulfate, and to the adverse effects of their overload on the remnant nephrons. Indoxyl sulfate stimulates progressive both tubulointerstitial fibrosis and glomerular sclerosis by increasing the expression of transforming growth factor-beta1, a tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and proalpha1 (I) collagen, leading to a further loss of nephrons. AST-120 delays the progression of CKD by removing serum indoxyl sulfate. Moreover, indoxyl sulfate induces oxidative stress in tubular cells, mesangial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and osteoblasts as well as stimulating aortic calcification in hypertensive rats, it is also involved in the progression of CKD, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and osteodystrophy. Thus, the removal of indoxyl sulfate by AST-120 ameliorates the progression of not only CKD, but also of CVD and osteodystrophy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
20229698PMC11254369W2166845334What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.