ArticlePLoS pathogens2010
Endocytosis of the anthrax toxin is mediated by clathrin, actin and unconventional adaptors.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 102 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dynamic S-acylation controls CMG2 maturation extracellular matrix regulation and anthrax toxin susceptibility in vivo.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Some Examples of Bacterial Toxins as Tools.Toxins · 2024Review
- ANTXR1 deficiency promotes fibroblast senescence: implications for GAPO syndrome as a progeroid disorder.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Early Circulating Edema Factor in Inhalational Anthrax Infection: Does It Matter?Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Refining S-acylation: Structure, regulation, dynamics, and therapeutic implications.The Journal of cell biology · 2023Article
- AB Toxins as High-Affinity Ligands for Cell Targeting in Cancer Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Internalization of Polymeric Bacterial Peptidoglycan Occurs through Either Actin or Dynamin Dependent Pathways.Microorganisms · 2022Article
- Harnessing the Membrane Translocation Properties of AB Toxins for Therapeutic Applications.Toxins · 2021Review
- Role of Clathrin and Dynamin in Clathrin Mediated Endocytosis/Synaptic Vesicle Recycling and Implications in Neurological Diseases.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2021Review
- Cryo-EM structure of the fully-loaded asymmetric anthrax lethal toxin in its heptameric pre-pore state.PLoS pathogens · 2020Article
- Article
- The Caenorhabditis elegans CUB-like-domain containing protein RBT-1 functions as a receptor for Bacillus thuringiensis Cry6Aa toxin.PLoS pathogens · 2020Article
- Converging physiological roles of the anthrax toxin receptors.F1000Research · 2019Review
- TEM8 functions as a receptor for uPA and mediates uPA-stimulated EGFR phosphorylation.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2018Article
- CMG2/ANTXR2 regulates extracellular collagen VI which accumulates in hyaline fibromatosis syndrome.Nature communications · 2017Article
- Anti-proliferative role of recombinant lethal toxin of Bacillus anthracis on primary mammary ductal carcinoma cells revealing its therapeutic potential.Oncotarget · 2017Article
- Protein Palmitoylation and Its Role in Bacterial and Viral Infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Review
- The Ins and Outs of Anthrax Toxin.Toxins · 2016Review
- Roles of Anthrax Toxin Receptor 2 in Anthrax Toxin Membrane Insertion and Pore Formation.Toxins · 2016Review
- Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The anthrax toxin is a tripartite toxin, where the two enzymatic subunits require the third subunit, the protective antigen (PA), to interact with cells and be escorted to their cytoplasmic targets. PA binds to cells via one of two receptors, TEM8 and CMG2. Interestingly, the toxin times and triggers its own endocytosis, in particular through the heptamerization of PA. Here we show that PA triggers the ubiquitination of its receptors in a beta-arrestin-dependent manner and that this step is required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In addition, we find that endocytosis is dependent on the heterotetrameric adaptor AP-1 but not the more conventional AP-2. Finally, we show that endocytosis of PA is strongly dependent on actin. Unexpectedly, actin was also found to be essential for efficient heptamerization of PA, but only when bound to one of its 2 receptors, TEM8, due to the active organization of TEM8 into actin-dependent domains. Endocytic pathways are highly modular systems. Here we identify some of the key players that allow efficient heptamerization of PA and subsequent ubiquitin-dependent, clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the anthrax toxin.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.