ArticlePloS one2010
A crucial role for Kupffer cell-derived galectin-9 in regulation of T cell immunity in hepatitis C infection.
Article in PloS one, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 126 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
126 citing papers in PubMed, 193 citations in OpenAlex.
- Memory Regulatory T cells Increase Only In Inflammatory Phase of Chronic Hepatitis B Infection and Related to Galectin-9/Tim-3 interaction.Scientific reports · 2017Trial
- Galectin-9 signaling through TIM-3 is involved in neutrophil-mediated Gram-negative bacterial killing: an effect abrogated within the cystic fibrosis lung.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2014Trial
- Galectin-9 and IL-21 mediate cross-regulation between Th17 and Treg cells during acute hepatitis C.PLoS pathogens · 2013Trial
- Review
- Liver Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of Viral Hepatitis.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Integrating single-cell RNA-seq and machine learning to dissect polyamine metabolism in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- The Sugar-Coated Truth of Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease: Galectins as Multifaceted Regulators of Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury.The American journal of pathology · 2026Review
- Microscopic messengers: roles and prospects of extracellular vesicles in hepatitis B and C.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Search for Potential VDR/Partner Composite Elements in Regulatory DNA of Genes Associated with Respiratory Infections and Atopic Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- IFN-α and vitamin B6-induced galectin-9 promotes the immunomodulatory function of human clonal mesenchymal stem cells.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Article
- Immune Cell Interplay in the Fight Against GBM.Cancers · 2025Review
- Galectins and Liver Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Liver Diseases.Viruses · 2024Review
- Galectin-9 as a new biomarker of acute-on-chronic liver failure.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: the significance of CD8Journal of translational medicine · 2024Article
- Exploring the role of galectin-9 and artemin as biomarkers in long COVID with chronic fatigue syndrome: links to inflammation and cognitive function.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Sulfur dioxide inhibits mast cell degranulation by sulphenylation of galectin-9 at cysteine 74.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Significant association of elevated serum galectin-9 levels with the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Friend or foe? The elusive role of hepatic stellate cells in liver cancer.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2023Review
- Extracellular Vesicles in Hepatobiliary Health and Disease.Comprehensive Physiology · 2023Review
66 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
15 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Approximately 200 million people throughout the world are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). One of the most striking features of HCV infection is its high propensity to establish persistence (approximately 70-80%) and progressive liver injury. Galectins are evolutionarily conserved glycan-binding proteins with diverse roles in innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, we demonstrate that galectin-9, the natural ligand for the T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain protein 3 (Tim-3), circulates at very high levels in the serum and its hepatic expression (particularly on Kupffer cells) is significantly increased in patients with chronic HCV as compared to normal controls. Galectin-9 production from monocytes and macrophages is induced by IFN-gamma, which has been shown to be elevated in chronic HCV infection. In turn, galectin-9 induces pro-inflammatory cytokines in liver-derived and peripheral mononuclear cells; galectin-9 also induces anti-inflammatory cytokines from peripheral but not hepatic mononuclear cells. Galectin-9 results in expansion of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+)CD127(low) regulatory T cells, contraction of CD4(+) effector T cells, and apoptosis of HCV-specific CTLs. In conclusion, galectin-9 production by Kupffer cells links the innate and adaptive immune response, providing a potential novel immunotherapeutic target in this common viral infection.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.