ReviewNeurochemistry international
Neurons under viral attack: victims or warriors?
Review in Neurochemistry international. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bystander neuronal progenitors in forebrain organoids promote protective antiviral responses.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Article
- Multiple Receptors Involved in Invasion and Neuropathogenicity of Canine Distemper Virus: A Review.Viruses · 2022Review
- Review
- Neuron-intrinsic immunity to viruses in mice and humans.Current opinion in immunology · 2021Review
- Review
- Pathological modeling of TBEV infection reveals differential innate immune responses in human neurons and astrocytes that correlate with their susceptibility to infection.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2020Article
- Protective Immunity to Dengue Virus Induced by DNA Vaccines Encoding Nonstructural Proteins in a Lethal Challenge Immunocompetent Mouse Model.Frontiers in medical technology · 2020Article
- Human iPSC-Derived Neuronal Cells FromFrontiers in neuroscience · 2020Article
- Pharmacologic Depletion of Microglia Increases Viral Load in the Brain and Enhances Mortality in Murine Models of Flavivirus-Induced Encephalitis.Journal of virology · 2018Article
- Measles Virus Persistent Infection of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.Cellular reprogramming · 2018Article
- Fingolimod induces neuronal-specific gene expression with potential neuroprotective outcomes in maturing neuronal progenitor cells exposed to HIV.Journal of neurovirology · 2017Article
- Minocycline Has Anti-inflammatory Effects and Reduces Cytotoxicity in anJournal of virology · 2017Article
- Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection of SJL/J and C57BL/6J mice: Models for multiple sclerosis and epilepsy.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2017Review
- Innate defense mechanisms against HSV-1 infection in the target tissues, skin and brain.Journal of neurovirology · 2016Article
- Influenza Virus Induces Inflammatory Response in Mouse Primary Cortical Neurons with Limited Viral Replication.BioMed research international · 2016Article
- Listeria monocytogenes spreads within the brain by actin-based intra-axonal migration.Infection and immunity · 2015Article
- Establishment of HSV1 latency in immunodeficient mice facilitates efficient in vivo reactivation.PLoS pathogens · 2015Article
- Hepatitis C virus (HCV) interaction with astrocytes: nonproductive infection and induction of IL-18.Journal of neurovirology · 2014Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
When the central nervous system (CNS) is under viral attack, defensive antiviral responses must necessarily arise from the CNS itself to rapidly and efficiently curb infections with minimal collateral damage to the sensitive, specialized and non-regenerating neural tissue. This presents a unique challenge because an intact blood-brain barrier (BBB) and lack of proper lymphatic drainage keeps the CNS virtually outside the radar of circulating immune cells that are at constant vigilance for antigens in peripheral tissues. Limited antigen presentation skills of CNS cells in comparison to peripheral tissues is because of a total lack of dendritic cells and feeble expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins in neurons and glia. However, research over the past two decades has identified immune effector mechanisms intrinsic to the CNS for immediate tackling, attenuating and clearing of viral infections, with assistance pouring in from peripheral circulation in the form of neutralizing antibodies and cytotoxic T cells at a later stage. Specialized CNS cells, microglia and astrocytes, were regarded as sole sentinels of the brain for containing a viral onslaught but neurons held little recognition as a potential candidate for protecting itself from the proliferation and pathogenesis of neurotropic viruses. Accumulating evidence however indicates that extracellular insult causes neurons to express immune factors characteristic of lymphoid tissues. This article aims to comprehensively analyze current research on this conditional alteration in the protein expression repertoire of neurons and the role it plays in CNS innate immune response to counter viral infections.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.