ReviewImmunology2010
T-cell exhaustion: characteristics, causes and conversion.
Review in Immunology, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 418 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
418 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 630 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Prognostic tools for identification of high risk in people with Crohn's disease: systematic review and cost-effectiveness study.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2021Pooled it
- Safety and Immune Responses Following Anti-PD-1 Monoclonal Antibody Infusions in Healthy Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Antiretroviral Therapy.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- A randomized prospective cross over study on the effects of medium cut-off membranes on T cellular and serologic immune phenotypes in hemodialysis.Scientific reports · 2022Trial
- One dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine exponentially increases antibodies in individuals who have recovered from symptomatic COVID-19.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2021Trial
- Small extracellular vesicles from the plasma of head and neck cancer patients induce dysfunctional T cell phenotypes.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Low-dose radiopharmaceutical therapy enhances the efficacy of B7-H3 CAR T cells in murine metastatic neuroblastoma.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Beyond oncogenesis: the unexplored benefits of viruses in cancer immunity.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2026Review
- Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in glioblastoma: immunobiology and translational implications.NPJ precision oncology · 2026Review
- Development and validation of a novel T cell exhaustion-related signature to predict prognosis in patients with breast cancer.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Benchmarking urinary cell transcriptomes for noninvasive differentiation of BK polyomavirus-associated nephropathy from T cell-mediated rejection.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Identification of a 9-gene autophagy-related signature for predicting prognosis and immune exhaustion features in breast cancer.3 Biotech · 2026Article
- Humanized avian embryo models replicate an immune tumor environment for rapid immunotherapy studies.EMBO molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Discrimination exposure and lymphocyte differentiation: Results from the health and retirement study.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Low intensity vibration as a novel strategy to normalize age-related deficits in T cell proliferation, activation, and function.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Integration of clinical, pathological, and endoscopic data improves prediction for lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer: a retrospective multicenter study.International journal of surgery (London, England) · 2026Article
- Nebivolol prevents exhausted T cells and enhances cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells in a β2-adrenergic receptor-dependent manner.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2026Article
- T-cell exhaustion in tumor immunology: mechanisms, heterogeneity, and therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- CRISPR/Cas9 Technology for Modifying Immune Checkpoint in CAR-T Cell Therapy for Hematopoietic Malignancies.Current gene therapy · 2026Review
- Article
358 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
T-cell exhaustion is characterized by the stepwise and progressive loss of T-cell functions and can culminate in the physical deletion of the responding cells. Exhaustion is well-defined during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection and commonly develops under conditions of antigen-persistence, which occur following many chronic infections that are of significant public health concern including hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus infections, as well as during tumour outgrowth. Exhaustion is not a uniformly disabled setting as a gradation of phenotypic and functional defects can manifest, and these cells are distinct from prototypic effector, memory and also anergic T cells. We are gaining insights into the extrinsic and intrinsic factors that determine the severity of exhaustion. These include the duration and magnitude of antigenic activation, availability of CD4 T-cell help, the levels of stimulatory and suppressive cytokines, as well as the expression of activatory and inhibitory receptors. More information is now becoming available regarding the molecular mechanisms that attenuate the responsiveness of exhausted T cells. As the parameters that dictate exhaustion are more thoroughly defined, this is fostering the development of methods that prevent and rejuvenate functionally inferior responses. In this article we discuss our current understanding of the properties of exhausted T cells and the mechanisms that promote and maintain this state.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.