ArticleInternational journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases2010
Risk factors and prevalence of tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus, syphilis, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus among prisoners in Pakistan.
Article in International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 98 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global prevalence and predictors of scabies among prisoners: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Global prevalence of hepatitis C in prisoners: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of virology · 2022Pooled it
- Substance Use During Imprisonment in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.Epidemiologic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Hepatitis C virus prevalence and genotype distribution in Pakistan: Comprehensive review of recent data.World journal of gastroenterology · 2016Pooled it
- Prisoners co-infected with tuberculosis and HIV: a systematic review.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2016Pooled it
- Prevalence of hepatitis C virus in Brazil's inmate population: a systematic review.Revista de saude publica · 2015Pooled it
- Hepatitis B virus in Pakistan: a systematic review of prevalence, risk factors, awareness status and genotypes.Virology journal · 2011Pooled it
- Epidemiological Evolution of HIV in Pakistan (1987-2026): From High-risk Populations to Emerging Pediatric Cases.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2026Review
- Risk factors and prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Syphilis, among prisoners in Duhok city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- A Health Systems Strengthening Approach to Address the High Burden of Hepatitis C in Pakistan.Journal of viral hepatitis · 2025Review
- Viral Hepatitis B and C Prevalence and Related Risk Factors Among Prisons in Duhok City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.Cureus · 2024Article
- Non-injection drug use among incarcerated people in Iran: Findings from three consecutive national bio-behavioral surveys.Harm reduction journal · 2024Article
- Pakistan's HIV high-risk populations: Critical appraisal of failure to curtail spread beyond key populations.IJID regions · 2024Review
- Hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections and associated factors among prisoners in Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia.PloS one · 2024Article
- Risk factors of HIV and variation in access to clean needles among people who inject drugs in Pakistan.Pathogens and global health · 2023Article
- Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection among Inmates at the Monrovia Central Prison, Liberia.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
- Musculoskeletal tuberculosis in Bradford : 12 years of outcomes and observations in a high-incidence region of the UK.Bone & joint open · 2022Article
- Hepatitis C virus infection and its associated factors among prisoners in a Nigerian prison.BMC gastroenterology · 2020Article
- Setting up a COVID-19 care facility at a prison: An experience from Pakistan.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the burden of sexual- and injection drug use-related infections in male prisoners in Karachi, Pakistan.
methodsWe administered a structured questionnaire in a cross-sectional survey of 365 randomly selected imprisoned men. We analyzed blood for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) by ELISA, and for syphilis by rapid plasma reagin with Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay confirmation. Subjects with possible tuberculosis (World Health Organization criteria) provided sputum samples for an acid-fast bacillus smear and culture.
resultsThe prevalence of tuberculosis was 2.2% (95% CI 0.71-3.8%). Of 357 of the randomly selected prisoners (eight refused to give blood), 2.0% (95% CI 0.6-3.4) were HIV-infected; syphilis was confirmed in 8.9% (95% CI 6.0-11.8%), HBV in 5.9% (95% CI 3.5-8.3%), and HCV in 15.2% (95% CI 11.7-18.8). By self-report, 59.2% had used any illicit drugs, among whom 11.8% (95% CI 8.5-15.0) had injected drugs. The median length of stay in the prison had been 3.2 (range 1-72) months.
conclusionsAll four infections were prevalent among the prisoners in Pakistan. Prisons are excellent venues for infectious disease screening and intervention given the conditions of poverty and drug addiction. Collaboration with community-based health providers is vital for post-discharge planning.
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