SynthesisSchizophrenia bulletin2011
Meta-analysis of paternal age and schizophrenia risk in male versus female offspring.
Synthesis in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 86 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
86 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Specificity of environmental risk factors for schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, and depressive disorders - umbrella review.Psychological medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Environmental Risk Factors in Bipolar Disorder and Psychotic Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2021Pooled it
- The Maudsley environmental risk score for psychosis.Psychological medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Effects of aging on the male reproductive system.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2016Pooled it
- Risk for childhood leukemia associated with maternal and paternal age.European journal of epidemiology · 2015Pooled it
- Effect of parental age on treatment response in adolescents with schizophrenia.Schizophrenia research · 2013Trial
- An interpretable cross-attentive multi-modal MRI fusion framework for schizophrenia identification.Neuroimage. Reports · 2026Article
- Prognostic Factors for Adulthood Psychosis in Adolescent Psychiatry Services: A Longitudinal Total Birth Cohort Study.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Article
- Polygenic and Polyenvironment Interplay in Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorder and Affective Psychosis; the EUGEI First Episode Study.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Article
- Paternal age, de novo mutation, and age at onset among co-affected schizophrenia sib-pairs: whole-genome sequencing in multiplex families.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Age-related changes in lncRNA expression in sperm.Translational andrology and urology · 2025Article
- Painting psychosis: an empirical investigation of the self-portraits of Edvard Munch.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Genomic Newborn Screening for Pediatric Cancer Predisposition Syndromes: A Holistic Approach.Cancers · 2024Review
- Paternal aging impacts expression and epigenetic markers as early as the first embryonic tissue lineage differentiation.Human genomics · 2024Article
- Impact of Early-Life Factors on Risk for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2023Article
- Cumulative Environmental Risk in Early Life: Associations With Schizotypy in Childhood.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2023Article
- Association of trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder and non-affective psychosis across the life course: a nationwide prospective cohort study.Psychological medicine · 2023Observational
- Impact of Advanced Paternal Age on Fertility and Risks of Genetic Disorders in Offspring.Genes · 2023Review
- Paternal age and 13 psychiatric disorders in the offspring: a population-based cohort study of 7 million children in Taiwan.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Article
26 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionAdvanced paternal age (APA) is a reported risk factor for schizophrenia in the offspring. We performed a meta-analysis of this association, considering the effect of gender and study design.
methodsWe identified articles by searching Pub Med, PsychInfo, ISI, and EMBASE, and the reference lists of identified studies. Previously unpublished data from the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort (NFBC 1966) study were also included.
resultsThere were 6 cohort studies and 6 case-control studies that met the inclusion criteria. In both study designs, there was a significant increase in risk of schizophrenia in the offspring of older fathers (≥30) compared to a reference paternal age of 25-29, with no gender differences. The relative risk (RR) in the oldest fathers (≥50) was 1.66 [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.46-1.89, P < 0.01]. A significant increase in risk was also found for younger fathers (<25) in males (RR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.02-1.14, P = 0.01) but not females (RR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.97-1.14, P = 0.28). The population attributable risk percentage (PAR%) was 10% for paternal age ≥30 and 5% for paternal age <25. DISCUSSION: Both APA (≥30) and younger paternal age (<25) increase the risk of schizophrenia; younger paternal age may be associated with an increased risk in males but not females. This risk factor increases the risk of schizophrenia as much as any single candidate gene of risk. The mechanism of these associations is not known and may differ for older and younger fathers.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.