ArticleAmerican journal of immunology2009
Cytokines as Adjuvants for Vaccine and Cellular Therapies for Cancer.
Article in American journal of immunology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Take Five: harmonization in personalized cancer vaccines for cancer immunotherapy.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Review
- A Novel Effective Nanoadjuvant System for Poultry Vaccines.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Precision Adjuvant Strategies in Vaccine Development for Substance Use Disorders: Variability and Mechanistic Insights.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Immunostimulatory nanoparticles delivering cytokines as a novel cancer nanoadjuvant to empower glioblastoma immunotherapy.Drug delivery and translational research · 2024Article
- Enhanced attenuation of chikungunya vaccines expressing antiviral cytokines.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Post-vaccination serum cytokines levels correlate with breakthrough influenza infections.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Clinical potential of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC): a rapidly evolving strategy.Cancer cell international · 2022Review
- IL-27 Improves Prophylactic Protection Provided by a Dead Tumor Cell Vaccine in a Mouse Melanoma Model.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Fueling Cancer Vaccines to Improve T Cell-Mediated Antitumor Immunity.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Review
- Oral vaccination stimulates neutrophil functionality and exerts protection in a Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection model.NPJ vaccines · 2021Article
- Adjuvant oncolytic virotherapy for personalized anti-cancer vaccination.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Antigen Targets for the Development of Immunotherapies in Leukemia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Review
- Interplay between immune cells in lung cancer: beyond T lymphocytes.Translational lung cancer research · 2018Article
- IL-15 Superagonist-Mediated Immunotoxicity: Role of NK Cells and IFN-γ.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2015Article
- Immunotherapy in pediatric malignancies: current status and future perspectives.Future oncology (London, England) · 2014Review
- IL-21 promotes the expansion of CD27+ CD28+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes with high cytotoxic potential and low collateral expansion of regulatory T cells.Journal of translational medicine · 2013Article
- Graft-versus-host disease impairs vaccine responses through decreased CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation and increased perforin-mediated CD8+ T cell apoptosis.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2013Article
- Article
- Role of common-gamma chain cytokines in NK cell development and function: perspectives for immunotherapy.Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology · 2011Review
- In vitro-activated tumor-bearing host T cells and the effectiveness of tumor vaccine immunotherapy.Annals of Saudi medicineArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
problem statementThe development of a potent vaccine that can help treat tumors resistant to conventional cytotoxic therapies remains elusive. While part of the problem may be that trials have focused on patients with bulky residual disease, the desire to maximize responses to the vaccine remains. APPROACH: The gamma(c) family of cytokines offer a unique opportunity to support the expansion and effector potential of vaccine-responding T-cells, as well as stimulate other effectors, such as natural killer (NK) cells, to become activated.
resultsCombining vaccines with cytokines seems logical but can bring unwanted toxicity, as has been observed with interleukin (IL)-2. In addition, the nonspecific activation or expansion of unwanted cell subsets, such as regulatory T-cells, can contribute to global immunosuppression and limit vaccine responses. The development of IL-7 and IL-21 for the clinic offers the promise of enhancing anti-tumor responses but with far less systemic toxicity and no expansion of regulatory T cells. Preclinical studies demonstrate that IL-15 could also improve T-cell, and especially NK-cell, responses as well. CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS: Future work should expand the use of vaccines with IL-7, IL-21 and hopefully IL-15 in high-risk patients, and consider treatment while in a state of minimal residual disease to maximize benefit. Identifying tumors that can signal through gamma(c) cytokines will also be essential so that induction of relapse will be avoided.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.