ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2010
Educational inequalities in mortality over four decades in Norway: prospective study of middle aged men and women followed for cause specific mortality, 1960-2000.
Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 63 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 145 citations in OpenAlex.
- The dose-response relationship between socioeconomic deprivation and alcohol-attributable mortality risk-a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Socioeconomic differences in alcohol-attributable mortality compared with all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of epidemiology · 2014Pooled it
- Educational inequalities in site-specific cancer mortality: a Japanese census-linked study.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2026Article
- Assessing the effectivity of counting the number of teeth with their conditions to predict mortality: the OHSAKA study.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Changes over time in social inequality in adult self-rated health: the case of Norway 2002-2019.BMC public health · 2025Article
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- Spousal bereavement and its effects on later life physical and cognitive capability: the Tromsø study.GeroScience · 2024Article
- Trends in Norwegian adolescents' substance use between 2014 and 2022: socioeconomic and gender differences.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Do health literacy, physical health and past rehabilitation utilization explain educational differences in the subjective need for medical rehabilitation? Results of the lidA cohort study.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Trends in social inequality in mortality in Denmark 1995-2019: the contribution of smoking- and alcohol-related deaths.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2023Article
- Mortality inequalities in France since the 1920s: Evidence of a reversal of the income gradient in mortality.PloS one · 2023Article
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- Inequalities in External-Cause Mortality in 2018 across Industries in Republic of Korea.Safety and health at work · 2022Article
- Trends of amenable deaths due to healthcare within the European Union countries. Exploring the association with the economic crisis and education.SSM - population health · 2021Article
- Marital status, educational attainment, and suicide risk: a Norwegian register-based population study.Population health metrics · 2021Article
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- The association of education in a new society and social support from the education with the health of North Korean defectors: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2021Article
- A Mixture-Function Mortality Model: Illustration of the Evolution of Premature Mortality.European journal of population = Revue europeenne de demographie · 2021Article
- Educational attainment inequalities in depressive symptoms in more than 100,000 individuals in Europe.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2020Article
- Additive effects of green tea and coffee on all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Fukuoka Diabetes Registry.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2020Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo determine the extent to which educational inequalities in relation to mortality widened in Norway during 1960-2000 and which causes of death were the main drivers of this disparity.
designNationally representative prospective study.
settingFour cohorts of the Norwegian population aged 45-64 years in 1960, 1970, 1980, and 1990 and followed up for mortality over 10 years.
participants359 547 deaths and 32 904 589 person years.
main outcome measuresAll cause mortality and deaths due to cancer of lung, trachea, or bronchus; other cancer; cardiovascular diseases; suicide; external causes; chronic lower respiratory tract diseases; or other causes. Absolute and relative indices of inequality were used to present differences in mortality by educational level (basic, secondary, and tertiary).
resultsMortality fell from the 1960s to the 1990s in all educational groups. At the same time the proportion of adults in the basic education group, with the highest mortality, decreased substantially. As mortality dropped more among those with the highest level of education, inequalities widened. Absolute inequalities in mortality denoting deaths among the basic education groups minus deaths among the high education groups doubled in men and increased by a third in women. This is equivalent to an increase in the slope index of inequality of 105% in men and 32% in women. Inequalities on a relative scale widened more, from 1.33 to 2.24 among men (P=0.01) and from 1.52 to 2.19 among women (P=0.05). Among men, absolute inequalities mainly increased as a result of cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer, and chronic lower respiratory tract diseases. Among women this was mainly due to lung cancer and chronic lower respiratory tract diseases. Unlike the situation in men, absolute inequalities in deaths due to cardiovascular causes narrowed among women. Chronic lower respiratory tract diseases contributed more to the disparities in inequalities among women than among men.
conclusionAll educational groups showed a decline in mortality. Nevertheless, and despite the fact that the Norwegian welfare model is based on an egalitarian ideology, educational inequalities in mortality among middle aged people in Norway are substantial and increased during 1960-2000.
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