ArticleInfection and immunity2010
Extracellular vesicles from Cryptococcus neoformans modulate macrophage functions.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 169 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
169 citing papers in PubMed, 262 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Cryptococcal Infection Across Disease Stages: Host-Pathogen Interactions, Tissue Niches, and Translational Priorities.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Article
- An experimental approach to investigate extracellular vesicle-mediated transfer of lipids between fungal cells.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Fungal extracellular vesicles mediate conserved cross-species communication and immunomodulation.mBio · 2026Article
- Extracellular vesicles ofInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- Article
- Impact of storage on the stability and the protective effect of extracellular vesicles released byApplied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- The Zinc Finger Protein Zfp2 Regulates Cell-Cell Fusion and Virulence inJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Extracellular vesicles from DistinctACS infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Antifungal and Immunomodulatory Activities of Brazilian SavannahPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Extracellular Vesicles From Fungal Infection in Humans: A Key Player in Immunological Responses.Journal of extracellular biology · 2025Article
- Trimming the fat: a brief review of lipids at the host-pathogen interface.Infection and immunity · 2025Review
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Oncology: Molecular Mechanisms and Future Clinical Applications.Cancers · 2025Review
- Extracellular vesicles from diverse fungal pathogens induce species-specific and endocytosis-dependent immunomodulation.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Things you wanted to know about fungal extracellular vesicles (but were afraid to ask).PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- The impact of Aureobasidium melanogenum cells and extracellular vesicles on human cell lines.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Deciphering cargo contents in extracellular vesicles ofComputational and structural biotechnology journal · 2025Article
- Extracellular vesicles from bacteria and fungi: mechanistic insights and implications for urinary tract infections.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2025Review
- Virulence factors released by extracellular vesicles fromFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
109 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans and distantly related fungal species release extracellular vesicles that traverse the cell wall and contain a varied assortment of components, some of which have been associated with virulence. Previous studies have suggested that these extracellular vesicles are produced in vitro and during animal infection, but the role of vesicular secretion during the interaction of fungi with host cells remains unknown. In this report, we demonstrate by fluorescence microscopy that mammalian macrophages can incorporate extracellular vesicles produced by C. neoformans. Incubation of cryptococcal vesicles with murine macrophages resulted in increased levels of extracellular tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta). Vesicle preparations also resulted in a dose-dependent stimulation of nitric oxide production by phagocytes, suggesting that vesicle components stimulate macrophages to produce antimicrobial compounds. Treated macrophages were more effective at killing C. neoformans yeast. Our results indicate that the extracellular vesicles of C. neoformans can stimulate macrophage function, apparently activating these phagocytic cells to enhance their antimicrobial activity. These results establish that cryptococcal vesicles are biologically active.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.