ArticleInfection and immunity2010
Contribution of each of four Superantigens to Streptococcus equi-induced mitogenicity, gamma interferon synthesis, and immunity.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical and Epidemiological Landscape of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence inAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Reining in strangles: Absence of disease in horses vaccinated with a DIVA-compatible recombinant fusion protein vaccine, Strangvac, following natural exposure to Streptococcus equi subspecies equi.Equine veterinary journal · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of a screening protocol employed at a UK rescue centre to prevent introduction of strangles.Equine veterinary journal · 2026Article
- Glanders: Historical military use and potential bioterrorism concern.Open veterinary journal · 2025Review
- Progressive evolution ofMicrobial genomics · 2025Article
- Geographic diversity of theFrontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Genetic analysis based on next generation sequencing of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi isolated from horses imported into Japan.The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2024Article
- Genomic characterization ofmSphere · 2023Article
- Conservation of vaccine antigen sequences encoded by sequenced strains of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi.Equine veterinary journal · 2023Article
- Differences in the Accessory Genomes and Methylomes of Strains of Streptococcus equi subsp.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- SpeS: A Novel Superantigen and Its Potential as a Vaccine Adjuvant against Strangles.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- Streptococcal sagA activates a proinflammatory response in mast cells by a sublytic mechanism.Cellular microbiology · 2019Article
- Toxins and Superantigens of Group A Streptococci.Microbiology spectrum · 2019Article
- Strangles in Arabian horses in Egypt: Clinical, epidemiological, hematological, and biochemical aspects.Veterinary world · 2016Article
- Equine mesenchymal stromal cells and embryo-derived stem cells are immune privileged in vitro.Stem cell research & therapy · 2014Article
- Transmission of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus infection from horses to humans.Emerging infectious diseases · 2013Article
- Exacerbated type II interferon response drives hypervirulence and toxic shock by an emergent epidemic strain of Streptococcus suis.Infection and immunity · 2013Article
- Detection of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi using a triplex qPCR assay.Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997) · 2013Article
- Characterization of pneumonia due to Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in dogs.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2010Article
- Identification of three novel superantigen-encoding genes in Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, szeF, szeN, and szeP.Infection and immunity · 2010Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Streptococcus equi is the causative agent of strangles, the most frequently diagnosed infectious disease of horses worldwide. The disease is characterized by abscessation and swelling of the lymph nodes of the head and neck, which can literally strangle the horse to death. S. equi produces four recently acquired phage-associated bacterial superantigens (sAgs; SeeH, SeeI, SeeL, and SeeM) that share homology with the mitogenic toxins of Streptococcus pyogenes. The aim of this study was to characterize the contribution of each of these S. equi sAgs to mitogenic activity in vitro and quantify the sAg-neutralizing capacity of sera from naturally infected horses in order to better understand their role in pathogenicity. Each of the sAgs was successfully cloned, and soluble proteins were produced in Escherichia coli. SeeI, SeeL, and SeeM induced a dose-dependent proliferative response in equine CD4 T lymphocytes and synthesis of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). SeeH did not stimulate equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) but induced proliferation of asinine PBMC. Allelic replacement mutants of S. equi strain 4047 with sequential deletion of the superantigen genes were generated. Deletion of seeI, seeL, and seeM completely abrogated the mitogenic activity and synthesis of IFN-gamma, in equine PBMC, of the strain 4047 culture supernatant. Sera from naturally infected convalescent horses had only limited sAg-neutralizing activities. We propose that S. equi sAgs play an important role in S. equi pathogenicity by stimulating an overzealous and inappropriate Th1 response that may interfere with the development of an effective immune response.
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