ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2010
Associations between breast milk viral load, mastitis, exclusive breast-feeding, and postnatal transmission of HIV.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00198718 (Vitamin A Supplementation of Breast Feeding Mothers and Their Neonates at Delivery), which is not on this map. Cited by 36 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Vitamin A Supplementation of Breast Feeding Mothers and Their Neonates at Delivery: Impact on Mother to Child Transmission of HIV During Lactation, HIV Infection Among Women During the Postpartum Year, and Infant Mortality.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed.
- Characterizing HIV drug resistance in cases of vertical transmission in the VESTED randomized antiretroviral treatment trial.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2024Trial
- Recurrent Severe Subclinical Mastitis and the Risk of HIV Transmission Through Breastfeeding.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Trial
- Effect of Postnatal HIV Treatment on Clinical Mastitis and Breast Inflammation in HIV-Infected Breast-feeding Women.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2017Trial
- Increased Epstein-Barr virus in breast milk occurs with subclinical mastitis and HIV shedding.Medicine · 2016Trial
- Exclusive breastfeeding among women taking HAART for PMTCT of HIV-1 in the Kisumu Breastfeeding Study.BMC pediatrics · 2014Trial
- Infant feeding practices were not associated with breast milk HIV-1 RNA levels in a randomized clinical trial in Botswana.AIDS and behavior · 2012Trial
- Exclusive breastfeeding, maternal HIV disease, and the risk of clinical breast pathology in HIV-infected, breastfeeding women.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2011Trial
- Understanding practices of lactation and infant feeding together with women with HIV: the UPLIFT observational study protocol.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2026Article
- Infant feeding decisions among people living with human immunodeficiency virus in the United States: a pilot study.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2026Article
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Breastfeeding: Clinical Considerations and Mechanisms of Transmission in the Modern Era of Combined Antiretroviral Therapy.Clinics in perinatology · 2024Review
- Breastfeeding in the United States Among Women With HIV: Con Viewpoint.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Article
- Viruses and Human Milk: Transmission or Protection?Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Review
- Canadian Pediatric & Perinatal HIV/AIDS Research Group consensus recommendations for infant feeding in the HIV context.Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada = Journal officiel de l'Association pour la microbiologie medicale et l'infectiologie Canada · 2023Article
- Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV Through Breastfeeding Improving Awareness and Education: A Short Narrative Review.International journal of women's health · 2022Review
- Understanding Viral and Immune Interplay During Vertical Transmission of HIV: Implications for Cure.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- HIV-Infected Mothers Who Decide to Breastfeed Their Infants Under Close Supervision in Belgium: About Two Cases.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2020Article
- Compositional analyses reveal correlations between taxon-level gut bacterial abundance and peripheral T cell marker expression in African infants.Gut microbes · 2020Article
- Observational
- The immune response to sub-clinical mastitis is impaired in HIV-infected women.Journal of translational medicine · 2018Article
- Feeding-Related Gut Microbial Composition Associates With Peripheral T-Cell Activation and Mucosal Gene Expression in African Infants.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
background. Exclusive breast-feeding is protective against postnatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), compared with mixed breast-feeding. Accordingly, exclusive breast-feeding for 6 months is the World Health Organization's recommendation to HIV-infected mothers for whom exclusive replacement feeding is not acceptable, feasible, affordable, safe, or sustainable. The mechanism of exclusive breast-feeding protection is unknown but is hypothesized to be mediated through reduced mastitis.
methodsWe compared breast milk and plasma specimens of exclusive breast-feeding and mixed breast-feeding HIV- positive mothers archived from the ZVITAMBO trial in which mixed breast-feeding was associated with a 2-fold increased risk of postnatal transmission at 18 months. Plasma HIV load, breast milk HIV load and sodium/potassium ratio were measured as a proxy for subclinical mastitis.
resultsMixed breast-feeding was not associated with mastitis or breast milk HIV load. Mastitis was associated with breast milk HIV load, and this effect increased with increasing maternal plasma HIV load; mastitis was associated with postnatal transmission only when maternal plasma HIV load was high (>3.7 log(10) copies/mL). Initiation of breast-feeding within an hour of delivery was associated with exclusive breast-feeding (adjusted odds ratio, 1.62; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-2.58).
conclusionsExclusive breast-feeding is associated with reduced postnatal transmission of HIV from mother to child, but this protection is not mediated by reduced mastitis or breast milk HIV load. The deleterious effect of mastitis increases as the mother's plasma HIV load increases.
Indexed as
Identifiers
20121424What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.