ArticleJournal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD2010
Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease: an analysis controlling for tobacco industry affiliation.
Article in Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 155 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
155 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 327 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meta-Analysis on Nicotine's Modulation of HIV-Associated Dementia.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Financial Conflicts of Interest and Stance on Tobacco Harm Reduction: A Systematic Review.American journal of public health · 2019Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Electronic nicotine delivery system (electronic cigarette) awareness, use, reactions and beliefs: a systematic review.Tobacco control · 2014Pooled it
- Smoking and increased Alzheimer's disease risk: a review of potential mechanisms.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2014Pooled it
- The effect of funding sources on donepezil randomised controlled trial outcome: a meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2014Pooled it
- Mosaic Loss of Chromosome Y in Blood Is Associated with Alzheimer Disease.American journal of human genetics · 2016Trial
- Local and global patterns support medical imaging as a biomarker of ageing.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Drug Discovery Targeting Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors for Hearing Loss.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Smoking is associated with increased risk for dementia: the HUNT study, Norway.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Medical risk factors, ApoE haplotype, and Alzheimer's disease: a large-scale analysis.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2025Article
- Role of rheumatoid arthritis flare in the risk of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias: a population-based cohort study.Scandinavian journal of rheumatology · 2025Article
- The synergistic interplay between vitamin A, dietary fiber, and the microbiota-gut-brain axis: a potential mechanism for preventing Alzheimer's disease.American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology · 2025Review
- The impact of modifiable risk factor reduction on future dementia burden: a microsimulation modeling study.European journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Study on Age-specific Population at Risk of Developing Dementia, Anxiety and Depression Following Exposure to COVID-19.Annals of neurosciences · 2025Article
- Oxidative Stress: Pathological Driver in Chronic Neurodegenerative Diseases.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The interaction between circadian syndrome and genetic susceptibility in the risk of incident dementia: A longitudinal cohort study.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2025Article
- Study on Gender-specific Population at Risk of Developing Dementia, Anxiety and Depression Following Exposure to COVID-19.Annals of neurosciences · 2025Article
- Relationship of tobacco smoking to cause-specific mortality: contemporary estimates from Australia.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Tobacco cigarette smoking induces cerebrovascular dysfunction followed by oxidative neuronal injury with the onset of cognitive impairment.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2025Article
95 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
To examine the relationship between smoking and Alzheimer's disease (AD) after controlling for study design, quality, secular trend, and tobacco industry affiliation of the authors, electronic databases were searched; 43 individual studies met the inclusion criteria. For evidence of tobacco industry affiliation, http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu was searched. One fourth (11/43) of individual studies had tobacco-affiliated authors. Using random effects meta-analysis, 18 case control studies without tobacco industry affiliation yielded a non-significant pooled odds ratio of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.75-1.10), while 8 case control studies with tobacco industry affiliation yielded a significant pooled odds ratio of 0.86 (95% CI, 0.75-0.98) suggesting that smoking protects against AD. In contrast, 14 cohort studies without tobacco-industry affiliation yielded a significantly increased relative risk of AD of 1.45 (95% CI, 1.16-1.80) associated with smoking and the three cohort studies with tobacco industry affiliation yielded a non-significant pooled relative risk of 0.60 (95% CI 0.27-1.32). A multiple regression analysis showed that case-control studies tended to yield lower average risk estimates than cohort studies (by -0.27 +/- 0.15, P=0.075), lower risk estimates for studies done by authors affiliated with the tobacco industry (by -0.37 +/- 0.13, P=0.008), no effect of the quality of the journal in which the study was published (measured by impact factor, P=0.828), and increasing secular trend in risk estimates (0.031/year +/- 0.013, P=0.02). The average risk of AD for cohort studies without tobacco industry affiliation of average quality published in 2007 was estimated to be 1.72 +/- 0.19 (P< 0.0005). The available data indicate that smoking is a significant risk factor for AD.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.