Trial reportAIDS (London, England)2010
Antiretroviral medication adherence and class- specific resistance in a large prospective clinical trial.
Trial report in AIDS (London, England), 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Antiretroviral Postexposure Prophylaxis After Sexual, Injection Drug Use, or Other Nonoccupational Exposure to HIV - CDC Recommendations, United States, 2025.MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports · 2025Guideline
- Burden of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance in HIV-1-infected patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2014Pooled it
- What are validated self-report adherence scales really measuring?: a systematic review.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2014Pooled it
- A Dyad-Based Intervention to Improve Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy among People with HIV who Inject Drugs in Kazakhstan: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial.AIDS and behavior · 2026Trial
- Voucher incentives improve linkage to and retention in care among HIV-infected drug users in Chennai, India.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2014Trial
- Oral adherence monitoring using a breath test to supplement highly active antiretroviral therapy.AIDS and behavior · 2013Trial
- Medication Adherence of People Living with HIV in Japan-A Cross-Sectional Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- One Pill, Once a Day: Simplified Treatment Regimens and Retention in HIV Care.American journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Smartphone Use and Willingness to Pay for HIV Treatment-Assisted Smartphone Applications among HIV-Positive Patients in Urban Clinics of Vietnam.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Long-term adherence to antiretroviral therapy in a South African adult patient cohort: a retrospective study.BMC infectious diseases · 2019Article
- HIV-Related Stigmatization and Medication Adherence: Indirect Effects of Disclosure Concerns and Depression.Stigma and health · 2019Article
- Novel Protease Inhibitors Containing C-5-ModifiedAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2019Article
- "I will leave the baby with my mother": Long-distance travel and follow-up care among HIV-positive pregnant and postpartum women in South Africa.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2018Article
- Article
- Pathways From HIV-Related Stigma to Antiretroviral Therapy Measures in the HIV Care Cascade for Women Living With HIV in Canada.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2018Article
- The interaction between equipoise and logistics in clinical trials: A case study.Clinical trials (London, England) · 2017Article
- Antiretroviral Drug Resistance Among Children and Youth in the United States With Perinatal HIV.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2016Article
- The choice between a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor- and a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimen for initiation of antiretroviral treatment - results from an observational study in Germany.Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice · 2016Article
- Cost-Effectiveness of Single- Versus Generic Multiple-Tablet Regimens for Treatment of HIV-1 Infection in the United States.PloS one · 2016Article
- Antiviral drug resistance as an adaptive process.Virus evolution · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo assess the association between adherence to antiretroviral therapy and the presence of class-specific antiretroviral medication resistance.
designSecondary analysis of prospective clinical trial data.
methodsParticipants randomized to the protease inhibitor or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) strategies of the Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA) Flexible Initial Retrovirus Suppressive Therapies (FIRST) Study were included. Adherence was measured by 7-day self-report. Virological failure was defined as an HIV-RNA more than 1000 at or after 4 months. The association between cumulative adherence and the development of class-specific genotypic resistance was assessed by Cox regression analysis.
resultsIncluded were 457 and 446 antiretroviral-naive participants on the protease inhibitor and NNRTI strategies, respectively. The median time to initial virological failure in the protease inhibitor strategy was 1.2 years; 135 (30%) individuals failed with resistance. The median time to initial virological failure in the NNRTI strategy was 3.0 years; 127 (28%) failed with resistance. No association was found between cumulative adherence and protease inhibitor resistance [hazard ratio 1.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.9-1.4 per 10% lower adherence]. However, lower cumulative adherence was associated with an increased risk of NNRTI resistance at initial virological failure (hazard ratio 1.2, 95% CI 1.1-1.3 per 10% lower adherence). In both strategies, lower cumulative adherence was associated with an increased risk of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) resistance at initial virological failure.
conclusionAdherence-resistance relationships are class-specific. For NRTIs and NNRTIs, initial virological failure with resistance is more likely at lower levels of cumulative adherence.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.