ArticleBMC infectious diseases2010
Black race, sex, and extrapulmonary tuberculosis risk: an observational study.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Prevalence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Indonesia: protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2025Article
- ISCCM Position Statement on the Approach to and Management of Critically Ill Patients with Tuberculosis.Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine · 2024Article
- Relationship between patient sex and anatomical sites of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Mali.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2023Article
- Association of Sociodemographic Factors with Tuberculosis Outcomes in Mississippi.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Sex and Gender Differences in Tuberculosis Pathogenesis and Treatment Outcomes.Current topics in microbiology and immunology · 2023Review
- Tuberculosis in an Allogeneic Transplant Kidney: A Rare Case Report and Review of Literature.Cureus · 2020Article
- A 5-year experience characterizing the demographic and clinical profile and directly observed treatment short-course treatment outcome in National Tuberculosis Center of Duhok province, Iraqi Kurdistan.SAGE open medicine · 2020Article
- Increased vitamin D receptor expression from macrophages after stimulation with M. tuberculosis among persons who have recovered from extrapulmonary tuberculosis.BMC infectious diseases · 2019Article
- Pulmonary Versus Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Associated Factors: A Case-Case Study.Microbiology insights · 2019Article
- Article
- Regulatory T Cells and Pro-inflammatory Responses Predominate in Children with Tuberculosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Article
- The bacterial and host factors associated with extrapulmonary dissemination ofFrontiers in biology · 2015Article
- Tuberculosis and the risk of infection with other intracellular bacteria: a population-based study.Epidemiology and infection · 2015Article
- Unemployment in TB patients - ten-year observation at regional center of pulmonology in Bydgoszcz, Poland.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2014Article
- Clinico-pathological features of tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Uganda genotype in patients with tuberculous lymphadenitis: a cross sectional study.BMC clinical pathology · 2014Article
- Incidence of and risk factors associated with pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia (2010-2011).PloS one · 2014Article
- Determination of Sites Involved, HIV Co-Infection & Utility of Diagnostic Modalities in EPTB.Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR · 2013Article
- Smear positive extra pulmonary tuberculosis disease at University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.BMC research notes · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundExtrapulmonary tuberculosis is likely a marker of underlying immune compromise. Our objective was to determine race and sex differences in extrapulmonary tuberculosis risk in order to identify the optimal population in which to assess for host factors associated with extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
methodsWe performed an observational study of all tuberculosis cases reported to the Tennessee Department of Health, January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2006. We compared the incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis by race and sex. We also examined risk factors associated with extrapulmonary disease among all persons with tuberculosis.
resultsExtrapulmonary tuberculosis incidence per 100,000 population was 5.93 in black men, 3.21 in black women, 1.01 in non-black men, and 0.58 in non-black women. Among those with tuberculosis, black women were most likely to have extrapulmonary disease (38.6%), followed by black men (28.1%), non-black women (24.6%) and non-black men (21.1%). In multivariate logistic regression among persons with tuberculosis, black women (OR 1.82 (95% CI 1.24-2.65), p = 0.002), black men (OR 1.54 (95% CI 1.13-2.09, p = 0.006), foreign birth (OR 1.55 (95% CI 1.12-2.14), p = 0.009), and HIV infection (OR 1.45 (95% CI 0.99-2.11), p = 0.06) were associated with extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
conclusionsBlack men and black women had the highest incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, and high odds of extrapulmonary disease among persons with tuberculosis. These data suggest that factors in addition to tuberculosis exposure contribute to extrapulmonary tuberculosis risk in blacks.
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Registered trials
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