ArticlePLoS pathogens2010
B cell activation by outer membrane vesicles--a novel virulence mechanism.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 111 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
111 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 170 citations in OpenAlex.
- Stabilized adaptive states in microbiome-human integrated physiology: reframing health and chronic disease as symbiotic biological states.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Induction of DNA-mediated immune responses by bacterial extracellular vesicles results in control of murine norovirus infection.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Targeting Outer Membrane Vesicles ofJournal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Review
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in the Strategic Interplay Between Pathogens and Hosts.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- The Role of Oral Pathobionts' Outer Membrane Vesicles in Cancer Pathology and Therapeutic Development.Cells · 2026Review
- Review
- Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 Outer Membrane Vesicles as a Platform for Complement Activation.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Porphyromonas gingivalis-derived outer membrane vesicles travel from oral to distant organs via blood circulation in a time-dependent manner.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Bacterial extracellular vesicles as players in biofilm dynamics and community interactions.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Membrane-decisional architecture: a framework for multigenomic signal prioritization in the plasma membrane nanobiome.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- Mapping the multigenomic human system: structural asymmetry and interface gaps in host-exogenous biological interactions.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Evaluation of humoral and cellular immune responses induced by a novel YidRv subunit vaccine from hypervirulentBiotechnologia · 2026Article
- Interaction between the breast tumor microenvironment and gut microbiome.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Characterization of the microbial profile in tears of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma: results from a pilot study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The secretion of Pseudomonas unconventional peroxidase facilitates extracellular carbon acquisition from heterogeneous lignin.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Interplay Between Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles and Phages: Receptors, Mechanisms, and Implications.Viruses · 2025Review
- Membrane Stress Enhances Specific PQS-Lipid Interactions That Drive Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicle Biogenesis.Membranes · 2025Article
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles Exploit Filopodial Surfing and Retraction Mechanisms to Reach the Host Cell Body in an Actin-Dependent Manner.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Article
- Specific labeling of outer membrane vesicles with antibiotic-conjugated probe reveals early bacterial infections in blood.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Article
51 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Secretion of outer membrane vesicles (OMV) is an intriguing phenomenon of Gram-negative bacteria and has been suggested to play a role as virulence factors. The respiratory pathogens Moraxella catarrhalis reside in tonsils adjacent to B cells, and we have previously shown that M. catarrhalis induce a T cell independent B cell response by the immunoglobulin (Ig) D-binding superantigen MID. Here we demonstrate that Moraxella are endocytosed and killed by human tonsillar B cells, whereas OMV have the potential to interact and activate B cells leading to bacterial rescue. The B cell response induced by OMV begins with IgD B cell receptor (BCR) clustering and Ca(2+) mobilization followed by BCR internalization. In addition to IgD BCR, TLR9 and TLR2 were found to colocalize in lipid raft motifs after exposure to OMV. Two components of the OMV, i.e., MID and unmethylated CpG-DNA motifs, were found to be critical for B cell activation. OMV containing MID bound to and activated tonsillar CD19(+) IgD(+) lymphocytes resulting in IL-6 and IgM production in addition to increased surface marker density (HLA-DR, CD45, CD64, and CD86), whereas MID-deficient OMV failed to induce B cell activation. DNA associated with OMV induced full B cell activation by signaling through TLR9. Importantly, this concept was verified in vivo, as OMV equipped with MID and DNA were found in a 9-year old patient suffering from Moraxella sinusitis. In conclusion, Moraxella avoid direct interaction with host B cells by redirecting the adaptive humoral immune response using its superantigen-bearing OMV as decoys.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.